Across India's forest areas, people are fighting for democracy, livelihood and dignity. Millions of

In particular, forest fragmentation issues were not involved in the processes of legislation. To date, a well-defined tenure or ownership has not been available for those collective forests in southern China, and an overloaded forest-related taxation still exists for forest farmers. This has heavily undermined the afforestation initiatives available to forest farmers (Zhang, 2008). In contrast, the USA has pushed many favorable policies, including an adoption of taxation incentive packages to encourage citizens to manage forests. A comprehensive system of laws related to forest management has dramatically advanced forest management levels and led to an overall forest inventory regularly. Beside governmental supports, various NGO’s pay much attention to forest fragmentation issues when management plans are being developed. （Li, Mao, Zhou, Vogelmann, Zhu,2010）

For the native title act to become seen as a law there where particular rules that must stay intact. This peoples right and interests to be possessed and recognised under the traditional laws currently acknowledged

The Grassy Narrows (Asubpeeschoseewagong) First Nation is an Ojibwa First Nation located north of Kenora, ON. The community has been fighting against environmental injustices imposed on them from various actors over the last 40 years (Rodgers, 2009, para. 10), involving issues with mercury poisoned fish (para. 1) clear cutting of their lands (para. 27) and subsequent degradation of their land, water and food sources. This essay will detail the environmental justice struggles of the Grassy Narrows First Nation, point out the unfair treatment and environmental racism they have been subject to and will also question the role that authority, power and litigation have played within the community.

Clear cutting forests can be proven to be an unstable way of practising forestry as its long term affects to an environment target the climate, soil conservation, biodiversity and hydrological regimes. Depleting forest resources will be given strict and serious punishment as it affects society as a whole and not

An important part of this model was to divide the Champion lands into separate but complementary ownerships on the basis of ecological values and basic management purposes: areas with the greatest ecological significance would be publicly owned and protected, with timber harvesting precluded on substantial acreages to allow natural processes like forest succession to occur unimpeded; and the most productive timber lands, with fewer special ecological values, would be kept in private ownership with a requirement that they be managed for long-term sustainable forestry. Public access for a variety of historic uses and other activities would be guaranteed on the entirety of the property.

Lastly, one of the biggest benefits of the Wisconsin’s Managed Forest Law at the state level has been its effects on Wisconsin’s forests’ ecosystems. Within forests, the MFL has helped to provide wildlife habitat for game and threatened/ endangered species, maintain forest ecosystem health and vitality, conserve and maintain water and soil resources on and around forestland, and promote forest conservation and biological diversity (Gass 10). To help aid in creating sustainable forest environments, the Wisconsin MFL requires that landowners follow mandatory practices including: releasing trees from competing vegetation, reforesting land to meet minimum forest density standards, performing pre and post harvest treatments to insure forest regeneration,

This decision left pastoralists unsure of their right to land, however the National Indigenous Working Group (NIWG) accepted that existing rights of pastoralists to operate and develop their leases without any need to negotiate with native title holders. This provides pastoralists with the ‘certainty’ that they had before the Wik decision. Recently, Indigenous land owners on May 23, 2011 had the Federal Court of Australia rule that over 26,000 square kilometres in Western Australia’s north Kimberley region was an indigenous protected area. This decision has allowed indigenous members of the community to progress forward and create benefits for themselves and their community. In making the decisions of such acts, many societal viewpoints would have been considered.

ecological purposes. Various acts and pieces of legislation paired with advocacy on the part of

In 2012 emerged the movement “Idle No More” which was spurred by discontent towards Bill C-45, an omnibus legislation modifying conditions of the Indian Act and environmental protections treaties, removing protection over forests and waterways (Barker 47). These modifications and the way they were carried out ignored “formal obligations, including those specified in the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to consult and cooperate with indigenous people in order to secure their free and informed consent prior to implementing legislation or undertaking projects that may affect Indigenous people or their lands and resources”

People living in reserves were the ones who were restrained by regulations, which meant that the Aboriginal people were managed and had to follow the Aboriginal act of ‘protection’, otherwise they were accountable to have their children

Environmental groups began pressuring the government for new forest management legislation. The health of the forests, and the wild life habitat the forest provides became a highly debatable subject. Timber harvests began to decline as a result to the conservation litigation and political matters that were brought to light. To this end, the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), which was federally founded in 1994, was designed to restrict timber harvests in order to protect endangered species that dwell in old growth forests (Zielinski, 2012). Further, the NWFP provided a guide for a much regimented forest management style of our forest lands. Pendulums do swing though and there is a building dissatisfaction with federal land management today, as unmanaged forests burn up and rural communities have no jobs base (Zielinski, 2012).

- The right to self-determination, which is a process where Indigenous communities take control of their future and decide how they will address the issues facing them, and

Deforestation is one of the most significant issues of our time; considerable measures must be taken to prevent further pillaging of our unique forest resource.

I am appealing to you as a conservationist. I believe that the natural resources of the forest can be of great help to us. As we experience this oil and gas crisis in the US, we are forced to import oil from foreign countries. Thus causing the cost of

In the current management system in Nepal, community forestry (CF) is one of the effective mechanisms to reduce deforestation and increase greenery in the country, but there is uncertainty to what extent CF supports biodiversity conservation (Acharya, 2003). Community forestry has contributed to improving and diversifying livelihoods by mobilizing locally available natural forest. As per the Forest Act (1993), community forest user groups (CFUGs) retain 100% of revenues generated and 25% are used in forest development