Actinomycosis

Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown

This particular bacterium is not one that inhabits a specific geographical region as it colonizes within the human body. The disease is

As the flowchart shows, a series of tests were conducted to identify the unknown bacterium #65. Microscopic observation of the gram stain indicated a gram-positive coccus bacterium. S. epidermidis was used as the gram-positive control while E. coli was used as the gram-negative control. This observation led to the elimination of all gram negative and rod-shaped genera: Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Alcaligenes, Neisseria, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Erwinia, Veillonella, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Lactobacillus, Listeria and Kurthia (2). By performing the catalase test, it was determined that the bacterium was catalase negative and it did not produce bubbles. M. luteus and E. faecalis were used as positive and negative controls, respectively.

Different microbes can transmit and produce different types of diseases and infections. Having an unknown bacterium in the body can be a life and death situation. It is very important especially in the healthcare industry that providers are able to differentiate between organisms that are pathogenic and administer the appropriate treatment to their patients. Applying methods that were previously studied in lab, students must be able to isolate an unknown specimen by using laboratory techniques and biochemical tests.

S. agalactiae is frequently colonizes rectovaginal tract. S. agalactiae is found in 15-40% of adult women, and there is a 1% chance to be transmitted vertically from mother to infants before or during birth. This type of infection is divided into early-onset and late-onset infections. Early-onset infection, is one of the most common infection among neonates with a mortality rates of 4 to 6% in the United States. This type of infection is characterized with shock and breathing difficulties and occurs at birth or within the first 6 days of life. This infant probably had become infected by ascending spread of the organism from the maternal genital tract to the amniotic fluid, in which the bacteria colonize and multiply within the respiratory tract of the fetus and causes pneumonia. Also, this bacteria may enter the respiratory tract and spread to the

ncluded 1011 patients seen over a fifteen-year period. The patients were checked at short intervals until remission occurred, and these checks were discontinued only when normal function was restored or after a period of one year. For 85 percent of patients the first signs of remission were observed within three weeks after the outbreak; for the last 15 percent remission occurred three to six months later. Seventy-one percent recovered normal mimical function of the face, 13 percent had insignificant sequelae, and the last 16

disease and Alzheimer’s. Severe infection that has spread to the brain, epilepsy, stroke, and the late

He reports no major changes in his condition, since his last visit. His pain is rated as 3-6/10, described as dull, hard, aching or worse. Pain is increased with sitting, standing, walking, lifting, looking up and down, turning to the sides, bending, and twisting. He is unable to work. He is very limited physically. He has to modify or avoid social and recreational activities to manage the pain. He feels like his quality of life is severely affected. His pain is 80% in the neck and 20% in the upper extremities, mostly on the

Several of the healthcare facilities have continued to participate in a long-term follow up study funded by the CDC to collect information about how patients were treated and how they are doing long term. Most patients have done well with treatment and experience few to no issues related to their fungal infection. Increased pain around the injection site and a difficulty thinking and speaking has been reported by a very small number of patients and this could be related to their treatments or their infections. The CDC has gotten reports of eight relapses as of June, 2015, the rate of relapse is 1% of the 753 total cases. A patients infection is considered cured when their symptoms improve and their laboratory test return to normal. Patients magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown abnormalities after the infection has been considered resolved and these should be discussed with their healthcare provider in the context of their overall

Per the IME report dated 04/07/14 by Dr.Sharma, MMI has been reached. There is no need for further neurologic treatment, diagnostic testing, follow-up or PT.

Recurrence rate was 1.9% (12 patients), in which all patient were retreated conservatively and had complete healing, none required surgical intervention.

If there is a tumor present in the patient, it will be surgically removed (if possible, depending on location). If surgical resection is not possible, chemotherapy and/or radiation will be used to target the tumor. Steroid use has been determined as effective, however, some children become steroid dependent and symptoms may reoccur once treatment has been completed. The treatment with the best-documented outcomes is referred to as FLAIR therapy, which is a three-agent protocol involving front-loading high dosages of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin), IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin), and Rituximab (monoclonal antibody). Early and sufficient immunotherapy is vital for treatment. The goal for any treatment regarding OMS is complete neurological remission (Pranzetelli, 2015).

Like most microscopic organisms, gonococcus develops well in warm, clammy situations. It flourishes in the mucous film tissues of the urethra, genitals, throat, and rear-end. It is transmitted through any sort of unprotected penile-vaginal, oral-genital, oral-butt-centric, and genital-butt-centric contact with a contaminated person. Hence, any sexually dynamic individual is in danger of contracting gonorrhea. The microorganisms can be spread even without entrance or discharge. Newborn

An acute disease which is referred to any potentially disease that is caused by the type of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis is named as meningococcal disease. This is a life threatening infection which may end in death. (Nadel et al.,2006, MacNiel et al., 2011) The first meningococcal disease was reported before 5 centuries. Meningococcal diseases are often severe and serious that present in meningitis 50% of cases and 40% septicemia (Gabuttiet et al., 2015). Some infected people may have one or both of these diseases. Both of them are occurring and spreading rapidly. Neisseria meningitidis is hosted in humans because they are the only reservoir. Rare forms of the disease including lung infection, joint infection and infection of the

This disease causes deafness, brain abscess, meningitis, and if left untreated, death. Surgical removal of infected bone and tissue is, without exception, the exclusive treatment course. Profound deafness is certain since removal of the ossicular chain, the three small bones in the middle ear which convey sound vibrations to the brain, occurs during this surgery. Future reconstructive surgery is possible providing the child remains free of regrowth for at least six