Activation of Protein Kinases by Means of Stochastic Resonance

b. What phenomena must take place for the small postsynaptic potentials to reach threshold and produce action potentials?

Pinnington, N., Elliott, A., Sciences, F. of L., Manchester and Kingdom, U. (2007) Proceedings of the physiological society. Available at: http://www.physoc.org/proceedings/abstract/Proc%20Physiol%20Soc%208PC39 (Accessed: 3 March 2016).

3) Increasing frequency of stimulation of the trigger zone does not increases the production of the action potentials. This goes back to the threshold All or nothing theory.

Neurons can fire efficiently or it can also work too hard or too little. These patterns can in

Resonance occurs when a connection is active between the source and the target. When the connection is made the target and the source are vibrating at the same frequency. When that happens resonance starts if the source overcomes the target cells get

-It is harder to generate a second action potential during the relative refractory period because a greater stimulus is required because voltage-gated K+ channels that oppose depolarization are open during this time.

Because fEPSP increased in all four of the groups of brain slices, this indicates that LTP can be induced over a range of burst frequencies. Grover et al. (2009) found that LTP occurred with burst frequencies ranging from 0.05 to 10 Hz. However, unlike Grover et al. (2009) who found that stimulation in the delta range induced the most prominent LTP, this experiment did not find this same effect. However, in the two groups of brains slices kept at a temperature of 25°C it appears as though a burst

Every minute of the day, there are billions of sensory information that neurons collect and translate into action potentials and neurotransmitters. Depending on the stimulus, the action potential could change in amplitude, frequency, and velocity. This phenomenon is an allusion to what I have done in lab. Increasing the stimulus would increase amplitude, frequency, and decrease the time duration. A classic example that is related to the experiment I have performed is pinching the skin. When we were all little kids, pinching was a generic behavior done when someone made us angry. However, pinching is pertinent to the electric stimulus that was used on the earthworm's nerve cord. When someone gets pinched, stretch receptors detect this information

In most brains, neuron interactions occur in a chaotic but balanced, orderly fashion with few disruptions. Occasionally, small disruptions (neuron misfires) may occur with little

The rising phase of activating channel currents was analyzed by single exponential fitting. Activation time constants were not different between control and rapamycin-treated DCs (Fig. 2A). Fitting the current decay after activation at depolarizing potentials to a single exponential function demonstrated a significant difference at
70 mV (Fig. 2B). Pretreatment

Some signal transduction systems produce multiple pulses of target gene expression in succession when exposed to a constant level of stimulus (Levine et al., 2013) (Fig. 1.1B). Although pulsing is similar to transcriptional bursting in that target gene expression levels increase and decrease repetitively, pulsing is regulated by genetic circuits that activate and deactivate pathway output regulators with a defined frequency and amplitude instead of relying on stochastic gene expression (Levine et al., 2013; Raj and van Oudenaarden, 2008). Pulsing can be beneficial during signal transduction by allowing cells to respond in ways that would be difficult to achieve with a simpler response (Levine et al., 2013).

A compound action potential (CAP) is a recording demonstrating the sum of multiple action potential simultaneously occurring in the various axons in a nerve. A CAP relates to the nerve’s excitability, how quickly it generates an action potential, which is associated to its firing threshold. This experiment demonstrates the interconnected effects of stimulus intensity and duration on CAP amplitude. Using extracellular recording, the lowest stimulus intensity was measured for which a CAP was present. This was repeated at various increments of stimulus duration. An inverse relationship between stimulus intensity and duration was observed; when stimulus duration

The voltage sensors which are in use are constructed from one of two types of voltage sensing proteins which have different domains and channels are used in the manufacturing of the sensor. Some of these sensors produces large responses in dissociated neuronal cultures but they are not brighter enough to report neuronal activity in the brain.Inspite of that these sensors are slow compared to other sensors and their use depends upon the voltage sensitivity on illumination intensity and wavelength and nonlinear increases in fluorescence with increasing illumination intensity. There are also sensors which uses four helix VSDs which are brighter than rhodopsin based sensors but will produce ample responses to the brain and exhibit inactivation kinetics which are slow for fast trains of Aps.Finally the authors shifts focus on the arc light sensor which was developed recently and it produces the largest responses to the brain when they are superposed on large excitatory postsynaptic potentials so the authors decide to develop a voltage sensor with sufficient brightness and detection off neuronal activity to the brain.

I. Neurons/nerve cells A neuron is a cell specialized to conduct electrochemical impulses called nerve impulses or action potentials. Neuron is the main cellular component of the nervous system, a specialized type of cell that integrates electrochemical activity of the other neurons that are connected to it and that propagates that integrated activity to other neurons. They are the basic information processing structures in the CNS. There are as many as 10,000 specific types of neurons in the human brain, A. Types of Neurons a. Motor neurons >These transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the *

Moreover, toxins pile up in the body, especially outside of the cells due to poor bio-electric membrane voltage, which makes it possible for the toxins to stick to the membrane. This activity inhibits the natural flow of water into the cells as well as exit of nucleic waste out of the cells. As a result, the functioning of the cells is compromised until the level whereby toxins penetrate the cell membranes and thus reaching a level whereby the process is irreversible. Moreover, the body’s design has many organs that are attuned to the electromagnetic phenomena. For example, the brain produces electromagnetic fields that are both different and separate from those produced by the heart; a mechanical wave sound is vibrated by the tympanic membrane while the eyes record individual photon packets. As such, the human body is actively involved in the production and control of bioelectricity.