Activity Patterns

It is to be hypothesised that participants reaching higher velocities upon reaching lactate threshold will display superior 5k running performance and that there will be a significant relationship between the two variables.

Bulbulian R, Jeong JW, Murphy M (1996). Comparison of Anaerobic Components of the Wingate and Critical Power Tests in Males and Females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol 28:1336-1341

More hemoglobin allows the muscles to work harder for a longer period of time. The higher aerobic capacity, gives men the advantage over women when running events over 800 meters.

Marathon runners put their body through great physical challenges, but in order to prevent physiologic harm, the normal fluid and electrolyte status of an adult marathon runner is important to know. For a normal adult male, the total body water (TBW) in relation to body weight is about 60%, and in females, the percentage is 50 (McCance, 2010). About two thirds of the TBW resides in the intracellular fluid (ICF), in other words blood, and the rest of the TBW remains in the extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial and intravascular (McCance, 2010). Depending on the age, sex, percent of body fat and exercise status, the TBW will vary among individuals, which is very important in considering the manifestations of fluid replacement in marathon running (Duvillard et al, 2004).

What limits the speed and stamina of most endurance athletes is the ability of their heart and lungs to deliver oxygen at a steady rate

To downplay the importance of athletics is to simply turn a blind eye and a deaf ear to our high school days where we participated in physical education classes.” Exercise physiology is not only about prescribing exercise as medication, but it also about discovering innovative exercise techniques. For example, what is the most efficient way to____? A large component of exercise physiology is research; how are body systems working together as a movement is performed? The skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems work together to initiate

Each type of muscle fiber has a different power output. These fibers are fast-twitch, and slow-twitch muscle fibers. Fast-twitch fibers are used for explosive movements that are sustained for a short amount of time. While slow-twitch fibers are used for periods of time when movement is sustained for a long period. Slow-twitch fibers utilize aerobic beta-oxidation for energy. This means this type of muscle fiber uses fatty acids for energy and requires oxygen to break them down. This breakdown takes place within the mitochondria. Fast-twitch fibers get energy from anaerobic glycolysis. Meaning this fiber utilizes the breakdown of glucose without oxygen. Humans are born with these fibers in different proportions than others. Genetics determines the amount of each fiber a person will have, and these pre-genetically determined number of fibers will remain constant throughout a person’s life. Due to the different capabilities of each fiber, the amount of slow and fast-twitch fibers can determine the person’s capability. Therefore, those who have more fast-twitch fibers will jump higher than those with more slow-twitch fibers of the same stature. (BSC 228,

Spectators at sporting events come to watch athletes compete at their best during a game or meet. However, there is more to sports than just “playing the game”, “running the course”, “performing”, or whatever the case may be. Athletes understand how important sport specific workouts are; cross country is one sport that focuses on this. Most people think that “all you do is run”, although running is indeed the task, it takes a combinations of different workouts to build up an athlete’s body in order to be race ready. It is beneficial for cross country runners to do workouts that focus on speed, strength, and endurance.

Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2015). Physiology of sport and exercise (6th

As what video “The Difference Between Us” said that African has an advantage over other races in sprinting. African have genes in the talent. Different races have their own characteristics, have different height. The height of the races was formed due to the differences in geographical climate, and since the Neolithic period, the geographical features of the rope began to blur due to the constant migration and the mixed race. The migration led to the same morphological characteristics of the race. The research stated that Black sweat glands are more than whites, and the sweating mechanism is better than the white ones. Blacks could restore body temperature quicker than normal white people. The body temperature will definitely increase during the exercise. If a person do not a good regulation of body temperature, the body can not be normal environment, electrolyte damage will affect the normal function of the nervous system. It is important for athletes to adjust the body

Ruth (30’s) and James (50’s) plan on running the Great North Run, their different training regiments giving different physiological states during the run. I will explore how each runner’s training will affect these physiological states and what implications these states will have on the runner.

strength training on run... : Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Retrieved November 26, 2014, from http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2002/08000/Effects_of_concurrent_endurance_and_strength.18.aspx

If a runner experiences fatigue during the aforementioned examples, they are most likely experiencing an iron deficiency. In addition, from the onset of this excessive fatigue, athletes must ensure they have an adequate amount of iron to satisfy the body’s respiratory demands while competing prior to the exhibition of more severe effects. Persistent and continuous training can perpetuate an individual’s reduced iron status and ultimately hamper their performance as the season progresses. After studying athletes of various sports, the experimenters recorded 27 percent of all athletes had absolute iron deficiency, which was not generally restored post-recuperation, and 70 percent had functional iron deficiency at the conclusion of their seasons. Fourteen percent of athletes exhibited absolute iron deficiency throughout the experiment. Athletes with initially low ferritin levels improved slightly but remained within borderline levels during recuperation. (Reinke). Continuous exercise makes already lowered iron levels fairly

Also black people have low body fat that also can be helpful for them in running. According to Sailor article “Muscle and tendon physiology also contribute to black “athleticism.” It is well publicized that blacks have a higher percentage of fast twitch muscle fibers and higher levels of glycotic and phosphogenic enzyme activity levels, when diet and activity levels are controlled for, which would provide an advantage in explosive, short-duration muscular exertions.“ Black people have short bellies as well; this is a great help for them for running. Since the muscles can be stretched and store energy that can be this energy can be retransferred during running that will cause them lose less energy. These are some physiological reasons that black people can do better in sports. Due to these biological advances they got with time, because of their genetic material that has been changed in evolution, they can do better in sport competitions in specific fields of sport compare to other races. However they do poor in some other sports such as swimming because of these differences as

SO, the slow twitch fibers are great at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle for hours