Acute Coronary Syndrome Analysis

To determine if the patient’s chest pain is related to cardiac ischemia, you would look for ST-segment depression and/or T wave inversion. If the ST-segment depression is at least 1mm (one small box) below the isoelectric line, it is significant and occurs in response to inadequate supply of blood and oxygen, which leads to an electrical disturbance. Once this is treated, adequate blood flow is restored, the ECG changes will resolve, and the ECG will return back to patient’s baseline.

AS is diagnosed with a physical examination including a systolic ejection murmur (which is the first clue to the presence of AS). AS is also detected via echocardiogram. A Chest radiograph is performed when people display heart failure and dyspnea. Carotid pulse is analyzed to reflect the obstruction to blood flow into the peripheral arterial circulation caused by AS. Precordial Palpation is the cardiac impulse at the apex of the heart. Cardiac Auscultation the leaflets is associated with reduce mobility and delayed closure. Echocardiography which is transthoracic and

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the commonest heart disease in the United States1. Approximately, 29% of patients with Myocardial Infarction ( MI ) present with ST- elevation Myocardial Infarction ( STEMI )2. STEMI is the result of complete occlusion of a major epicardial coronary artery due to thrombus formation. STEMI from a small coronary artery presenting as substantial EKG abnormalities similar to occlusion of a major artery and hemodynamic instability is a rare entity. The epidemiology, typical clinical presentation, outcomes, and optimal management in this group of patients are not sufficiently known.

The pathophysiology of ACS includes the stable plaque forms get converted into unstable plaque forms.2 These unstable plaque forms have numerous thin fibrous cap cells, inflammatory cells, activated macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. Sympathetic activity increases myocardial contractility, pulse rate, blood pressure, and coronary blood flow which leads to plaque rupture or fissure. As the artery ruptures, it causes thrombus formation and ischemia in this particular artery. Depending on the condition, different thrombi could form. The unstable angina forms a small thrombus formation, NSTEMI forms a partial thrombus formation, and STEMI forms a complete and persistent thrombus. The risk factors involved in ACS are age, physical inactivity, and history of hypertension, diabetes, or angina. The signs of acute coronary syndromes are an acute heart failure, tachycardia, bradycardia, or heart blockage, and the symptoms of ACS consist of chest pain, pain in the extremities, nausea, shortness of breath, heavy

ACS also referred to as Acute Coronary syndrome is the blockage of blood flow to the heart. Some symptoms that occur when ACS takes place is chest pains (angina pectoris), having pains in the upper and lower extremities, shortness of breath, nausea and sweating. There are risk factors that can increase your risk for ACS such as smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. Some ways in order to test for ACS is a blood test and electrocardiogram. It can show whether or not heart cells are dying. After being diagnosed with ACS, treatment is available. Some treatment options include medications, angioplasty and stents.

Resistance in the heart could lead to problems in blood pumping to the entire body. In order to identify how much coronary plaque is present in the walls of the artery, Computed Tomographic (CT) scans are used to help find the calcium score. The calcium score can be arranged from 0 to 100, and is measured through the Agatston score.1, 4 There have been many researches and follow ups of patients who were at risk for CHD or atherosclerosis and were labeled with a calcium score. It was found that Individuals with a CAC score of 100 or more had an incidence density of 22.4 deaths per 100 people observed for 12.5 years.4 Any CAC in early adult life (younger than 50), even in those with very low scores, indicates significant risk of having and possibly

A non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of heart attack; its counterpart, STEMI or ST-elevation myocardial infarction, is differentiated based on an EKG (electrocardiogram) test. Four processes are involved in the making of an NSTEMI: unstable plaque in arteries, the constriction of the coronary arteries, insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle, and narrowing of the coronary arteries from plaque development.2 It is differentiated from unstable angina, or chest pain, by the rise and fall of troponin levels

A non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is a very common presentation to emergency departments everywhere, as well as primary care practices. Therefore, it is important that all providers be well informed on the effectivity of certain treatment regimens.

Multiple Vessel Coronary Artery Disease (i.e. Ischemic Heart Disease), Diagnostic Code 414.00, I25.10 – “Patients had a high comorbidity burden [of stroke] … ischemic heart disease” [5]

Coronary artery disease is one of the common forms of heart disease. It’s caused by the narrowing occurs in the coronary arteries so that reduces the flow of blood to the heart tissues. Through the artery is gradually narrowing because of a substance called plaque builds up inside the wall of coronary arteries, the heart may not get enough blood to work. (coronary artery disease)If the plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form around on its surface. Over the time, the blood clot can completely block the pathway, which can’t let any blood to go through.

Artery coronariasLa artery disease coronary (EAC) affects more than 15 million Americans, being both the most common type of cardiovascular disease. The EAC and its complications, such as arrhythmia, angina pectoris and heart attack, are the main causes of death in the United States. The most frequent cause of EAC is a disease known as 'atherosclerosis' that occurs when forms a waxy substance within the arteries that irrigate the heart. This substance, called «plate», is composed of cholesterol, fatty, calcium and a coagulant substance called «fibrin». Identified two types of plate: plate hard and soft plate.

Cardiovascular disease is the disease that influences the veins which incorporate veins, corridors and vessels and the heart, overall this framework is known as the cardiovascular system. This disease is confounded for the coronary illness and comprises of plentiful issues joined with a natural methodology known as atherosclerosis; when substances develop in the dividers of the conduits. Under the cardiovascular disease flag, there are coronary diseases which influence the corridors, hear musicality issues, known as arrhythmias lastly the cogenital heart defects. The World Health Organization group cardiovascular disease into inherent coronary illness, cerebrovascular disease, coronary infection, rheumatic coronary illness, peripheral arterial disease and the profound vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

With the time the hardening of the arteries cause fibrous tissue and calcification, the calcification makes the diagnostic of narrowing the coronary arteries more easier because it can be imaged using special technique by spiral computed tomography scan (CT) for the heart. These scan called calcium scoring or heart calcium

An interesting case I attended to involved an elderly man in his 80s who is a non-smoker and non-alcoholic. He looked grayish, pale and sweaty, which is the typical appearance of a cardiac patient. He presented with chest pain that he gave a pain score of 8/10, and which worsened upon inspiration. He also presented with vomiting and shortness of breath. Electrocardiogram (ECG) indicated a ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Paramedic believes it was an anterior infarct with elevation in V2, V3, V4 leads and reciprocal depression in Leads II, III and aVF. The patient had several risk factors for heart disease such as high blood pressure, being overweight and living a sedentary lifestyle. He has had chest pain previously, but it was

It is mainly as a result of one of these three problems: ST elevation myocardial infarction, unstable angina and lastly non ST elevation myocardial infarction with chest pain being the main symptom (Linton, 2012). There are five main pathophysiologic processes that contribute to the development of ACS: thrombus on pre-existing plaque, active obstruction from coronary spasm, progressive mechanical obstruction, infection and unstable angina due to oxygen supply to myocardial (Linton, 2012). ACS is mainly caused by thrombus formation on a pre-existing plaque and it can be demonstrated through angiography or autopsies (Marshall, 2010). A thrombus is formed from plasma coagulation and platelets. There are risk factors that contribute to ACS such as cigarette smoking, diabetes, hypertension and high blood cholesterol (Linton, 2012). Both men and women are at a risk of having a heart attack. However it is more common in men especially when having a family background of heart attack, being overweight and inactive (Scruth, Carter, Cheng, Rolley, & Page, 2012). Modifying and identifying the risk factors is important as it can prevent further heart problems.