Acute Failure And Chronic Failure

Voltage gated channels are necessary components of life processes, in many organisms. One in particular, is the calcium voltage gated ion channel. Often lodged within the phospholipid bilayer, the imbalance of the calcium, or, the inside vs outside concentration, creates a gradient. The channel proteins often undergo conformations, states that which allow or block calcium ions from passing through. As ions move inside the cell, this creates a depolarization, or surge in the voltage. Clinically, this is associated with the heart and how it allows the heart to contract, which can be read in the

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition caused by the weakening of the heart and the cardiovascular system. It develops when the heart is not able to pump enough blood. Some causes of CHF would include, narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle – coronary artery disease, past heart attack, or myocardial infarction, with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscle’s normal work, high blood pressure, heart valve disease, primary disease of the heart muscle itself, called cardiomyopathy.

At the cellular and tissue levels, the model can duplicate the heart's responses to changes in the levels and flow of calcium, sodium, and potassium. In addition, it can take into consideration the pace at which the ion channels - which take in those ions -

So what is congestive heart failure? A simple definition is the heart 's inability to pump blood to the rest of the body but it goes way beyond that. The body’s natural mechanisms try to compensate for the changes that the heart is failing to do, which in turn starts a cycle that doesn’t end. When decline in cardiac output is recognized the sympathetic system attempts to fix the problem by raising blood pressure which causes the heart to work harder, worsening the heart muscle and starting the whole process over again. It causes a cascading effect on the body that can be devastating. Ischemic heart disease is the most common cause for congestive heart failure. Ischemic heart disease consists of cardiomyopathies, dysrhythmias, valve disease, vascular problems and hypertension along with

"Congestive Heart Failure is the Inability of the heart to maintain the demands of pumping blood with normal efficiency to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys" (Congestive heart failure, 2008). Without the heart carrying out its functions, all the organs in the body would be deprived of sufficient blood to do its work, the kidney will no longer filter its blood leading to fluid accumulation in areas such as the lungs, liver, legs, and surrounding eye, when this happens, it is called congestive heart failure. "Cardiomyopathy is a situation where there are changes in the heart muscle which prevent part or all the heart from contracting normally" ("Cardiomyopathy,” 2013). This situation could be acquired or inherited problem of the heart muscles resulting in thickness or expansion of the heart making it difficult to pump required blood that the body needed. In this paper, the writer would have the opportunity to discuss the best approach to care that Mr. P battling cardiomyopathy and CHF deserve, the treatment and education he needed that would help him, the method of education, and the teaching care plan.

The Q is the first wave downward, or negative, wave form of the QRS complex. The R wave is the first positive or upward, deflection. The R wave can occur with or without a Q wave. The T wave represents ventricular repolarization. The QT indicated the time from ventricular depolarization to repolarization. The wave of electricity it continues traveling through the myocardium to atrioventricular node. The AV node it coordinates the incoming electrical impulses from the atria and relays the impulse to the ventricles through a bundle of specialized muscle fibers. The atria pump blood into the ventricles and then the ventricles pump blood out of the heart. Chambers of the heart fill with blood during a relaxation phase diastole and eject blood during a contraction phase systole. Atrial

The intensity and immediate contraction of the myocardium are high due to the result of the inhibiting activity of the sodium and potassium ions opposite to the myocardial nucleic cells by the intricacy with the (ATP) adenosine triphosphate; the improvement of the calcium flow and increase elimination of the free ionic calcium inside the cells of the myocardium thus, automatically heightened the contractility of myocardial function (Drugs.com., n.d.) . There is a reduced amount of conductivity and higher effectivity of the temporary response to the time period of the (AV) atriventricular node which is significant to the secondary response from the conduction of the parasympathetic strength and probably from a decline in sympathetic strength (Goldsmith, Simon & Miller, 1992;

There are two different types of cells in the heart- conducting cells, which carry the heart’s electrical signals and muscle cells, which are responsible for the contractions of the heart. A specific group of cells located near the top of the heart are known as the pacemaker of the heart because the rate

Instead of just the sinus node firing, other parts of the atria begin to send electrical signals. However, these signals are not as regular as coordinated as the signals from the sinus node and this leads to the atria (top chambers of the heart) not contracting properly and the ventricles (bottom chambers of the heart) beating irregularly. Depending on how many electric impulses reach the ventricles, the heart beat could be slow or fast, but it tends to be very fast in atrial fibrillation. For example, in a person without atrial fibrillation at rest, the normal sinus node generates approximately 60 to 90 beats per minute. In a person with atrial fibrillation, the atria generate about 600 impulses per minute, but usually only 80 to 120 of them will reach the ventricles and will make it

The ability of the heart to contract stems from its possession of the SA node (Sino atrial node) also called the pacemaker as it generates the hearts own electrical signal and allows it to contract and pump blood to the rest of the body. This gives the heart a special feature making it the only organ that is capable of working outside the body if provided with enough oxygen.

History: What is heart failure? Heart failure is a condition in which the heart has lost its mechanical ability to adequately pump oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body’s peripheral tissues and organ systems; therefore it cannot meet the body’s perfusion needs. Heart failure can generally be divided into left or right ventricular failure and its etiologies may include myocardial, coronary, or valvular disease. The body’s decreased perfusion can lead to reduced exercise ability/endurance, general weakness/fatigue, and shortness of breath. Some additional signs of heart failure may include pulmonary edema, pedal edema and JVD.

Congestive heart failure, also called heart failure or CHF, is one of the fastest-growing syndromes in the United States and worldwide. It is a condition with high hospitalization and high mortality rates as well as a compound medical regimen that significantly affects the patient’s lifestyle and that of their family. The term alone, “heart failure”, is enough to scare the bravest client and cause the rise of numberless concerns and questions. Patients may worry and exclaim, “Did my heart stop working? Am I going to die?” Because of the complexity of congestive heart failure and how fatal it may become when it is not well managed, a thorough understanding of the disease process and of evidence-based management guidelines is necessary in order for the nurse practitioner to adequately care for, reassure, and educate the CHF patient, their caregiver and family. This paper aims at providing an overview of heart failure as well as giving the clinician the foundational tools necessary to help improve the quality of life of CHF patients and prolong their days. We will cover the two main types of heart failure (left-sided and right-sided), with a brief look at CHF sub-classifications, systolic and diastolic CHF. We will seek to explain the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations of this condition as well as explore the current diagnostic tools and pharmaceutical treatments available across the lifespan. We will also look at the dynamic role of the nurse practitioner

The left ventricle’s pumping capacity is controlled by the heart’s conduction system which is regulated by the nervous system. This conduction system is a series of electrical impulses that begin in the right atrium with the sinoatrial (SA) node and cause the right and left atria to contract first. This electrical impulse then travel by way of special tissue to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is located between the atria and the ventricles. At the AV node the electrical impulse pauses very briefly to allow the ventricles to fill with blood. After the pause, the electrical impulse travels through the bundle of his and through right and left bundles that branch into the right and left ventricles respectively. These bundles branch into the Purkinje fibers which are attached to the cells in the walls of the ventricles. The electrical impulses move across the cells on the walls of the ventricles; thus signaling the ventricles to contract with the left

For starters the SA node is set in the posterior wall of the right atrium that is close to the entrance of the superior vena cave. Then with the SA node it contains many pacemaker cells, which establishes the person’s heart rate. Also it is known as the cardiac pacemaker (natural pacemaker). It is connected to the ‘large AV node which is by the internodal pathways within the arterial walls. Also it shows the action takes just about 230 msec to pass through the SA node to AV node the length of these pathways. Once it passes by the conduction cells exceed the motivation of contractile cells of mutually atria. After this action it spreads from one side to the other to the atrial surfaces by cell-to-cell contact. As the stimulus only affects

The cytogenic location of KCNQ2 gene is on chromosome 7 at position 36.1 and this gene is responsible for the pore-forming subunit of potassium channel, which is crucial in the repolarization phase of action potential similar to KCNQ1 gene. (12) However, the KCNH2 gene is associated with the rapid rectifier current as opposed to KCNQ1. But both these genes have similar effect and mechanisms to the repolarization of potassium ions during cardiac action