Acute Heart Failure ( Chf )

The prevalence of congestive heart failure is on the increase both in the United States and all over the world, and it is the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly population. Congestive heart failure is a progressive disease generally seen in the elderly, which if not properly managed, can lead to repeated hospital admissions or death. Heart failure means that the heart muscle is weakened. A weakened heart muscle may not be strong enough to pump an adequate amount of blood out of its chambers. To compensate for its diminished pumping capacity, the heart may enlarge. Commonly, the heart's pumping inefficiency causes a buildup of blood in the

As this disease progresses and the workload of the heart is consistently increased, ventricular hypertrophy occurs. At first, the hypertrophied heart muscles will increase contractility, thus increasing cardiac output; however, as hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardial cells continues, it begins to have poor contractility, requires more oxygen to perform, and has poor circulation from the coronary arteries. This can result in heart tissue ischemia and lead into cardiac dysrhythmias (Lewis et al. 2014, 768).

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Uncontrolled diabetes can affect nearly every organ of the body; of which, heart disease and kidney failure are most commonly impacted. Known as diabetes mellitus, a collective term for various blood abnormalities, the term diabetes refers to either a scarcity of insulin in the body or the body’s inability to accept insulin. Though the symptoms of diabetes are manageable, many are unaware as to having it. According to the CDC report “2011 Diabetes Fact Sheet,” approximately 6 million people in the United States have undiagnosed diabetes. Undetected, diabetes can become deadly. In a recent World Health Organization report “Diabetes Action Now: An Initiative of the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation,” it

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is defined as a serious heart condition that prevents the heart from providing adequate blood flow to other parts of the body, causing a buildup of fluids in organs such as the lungs and kidneys (Heart Disease and Congestive Heart Failure). This heart condition affects approximately 670,000 people a year and is one of the leading causes of death for older people (Heart Disease and Congestive Heart Failure). Congestive heart failure, a chronic heart condition, manifests itself by causing fatigue, shortness of breath and edema; consequently, the treatments are basic and there remains no cure.

Congestive heart hailure, also known as CHF or heart failure, affects the lives of 5 million Americans each year with 550,000 new cases diagnosed yearly. (Emory healthcare, 2013) CHF is a medical condition in which the heart has become weak and cannot pump enough blood to meet the need for oxygen rich blood required by the vital organs of the body, less blood is pumped out of the heart to the organs and tissues in the body and pressure in the heart increases, it does not mean the heart has stopped working. (Murphy, 2013) Once the heart has become weakened by conditions such as hypertension, abnormal heart

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

Heart disease is a complication associated with diabetes. When it comes to procedures such as bypass, surgery, angioplasty and stents, it is usually presumed that the least invasion option is the best. Discover the truth behind this presumption and why it might not always be the case for those with diabetes.

So what is congestive heart failure? A simple definition is the heart 's inability to pump blood to the rest of the body but it goes way beyond that. The body’s natural mechanisms try to compensate for the changes that

Left sided heart failure causes a decrease in cardiac output and can be further classified as systolic or diastolic. When the cardiac output is decreased and can not get enough oxygen to important organs, it is from an imbalance of stroke volume and heart rate. When a person experiences a myocardial infarction or continuous hypertension, the contractility of the heart decreases which directly influences the stroke volume. The stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per contraction so if that decreases, so does the cardiac output which decreases perfusion of the organs (Huether and McCance, 2012). Diastolic heart failure in the left side is when the ventricle has trouble filling to its full capacity which is usually caused by a stiffening or loss of contractility of the ventricle.

"Congestive Heart Failure is the Inability of the heart to maintain the demands of pumping blood with normal efficiency to other organs, such as the brain, liver, and kidneys" (Congestive heart failure, 2008). Without the heart carrying out its functions, all the organs in the body would be deprived of sufficient blood to do its work, the kidney will no longer filter its blood leading to fluid accumulation in areas such as the lungs, liver, legs, and surrounding eye, when this happens, it is called congestive heart failure. "Cardiomyopathy is a situation where there are changes in the heart muscle which prevent part or all the heart from contracting normally" ("Cardiomyopathy,” 2013). This situation could be acquired or inherited problem of the heart muscles resulting in thickness or expansion of the heart making it difficult to pump required blood that the body needed. In this paper, the writer would have the opportunity to discuss the best approach to care that Mr. P battling cardiomyopathy and CHF deserve, the treatment and education he needed that would help him, the method of education, and the teaching care plan.

Over the years there has been some controversy on defining congestive heart failure due to a vast variability of the clinical signs and symptoms (Coronel, 2001). The American Heart Association defines it as “a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill or eject blood” (Veronique, 2013). In this case report will critically analyse the general information of the giving condition in relation to the patient’s case.

Diabetic patients due to common metabolic, coagulation and vascular abnormalities are more prone to arteriosclerosis and ischemic complications (Beckman

In 1972, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) was first described by Rubler et al. based on postmortem observations of the cardiac autopsy from diabetic patients who were suffering from heart failure without other cardiovascular complications (Rubler et al. 1972). These observations were suggested as specific impairment of the heart muscle itself (Rubler et al. 1972). DCM has a prevalence of 12% in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (Kiencke et al. 2010), and been identified as a serious complication of T2DM resulting from sustained toxic effects of hyperglycemia that leads to enhance cardiac oxidative stress (Cai et al. 2001;Liu et al. 2014), inflammation (Westermann et al. 2007), abnormal Ca2+ handling and mitochondrial function (Choi et al. 2002a;Duncan

Additionally, to understand the relationship between the heart disease and the disease associated with diabetes, myocardial performance index was held. According to the strong heart study, the Myocardial performance index is also known as the Tei index, is a Doppler-derived echocardiographic. It is an index that incorporates both systolic and diastolic time intervals in expressing systolic and diastolic ventricular function. Systolic dysfunction prolongs pre-ejection (isovolumic contraction time, IVCT) and a shortening of the ejection time (ET). Both systolic and diastolic dysfunction result in abnormality in myocardial relaxation which prolongs the relaxation period. Various research was done with Indian American people between the age of 59+or-8 in which 66% were women and 44% were men. The data on the correlates and prognostic values of MPI in population without overt cardiovascular (CV). MPI is also abnormal in individuals without the overt cardiac disease who have risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and treated and untreated hypertension. Group of adults who has diabetes, hypertension, and obesity but without overt CV disease, MPI has weak associations with clinical and physiologic determinants of cardiac function. MPI (mean= 0.24+or- 0.17) showed significant negative association with creatinine clearance. C-reactive protein (CRP), LV