Acute Infection

Under the Core measures, Sepsis is one of the problem-focused trigger for systemic infection and if untreated which can lead to death. In United States, it is the 11th leading cause of death and consumes the large amount of costs about $20.3 billion in 2011 (Jones et al.,2016). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 1.5 million people diagnosed with sepsis, and at least 250,000 patients die from that yearly (CDC, 2017). The evidence-based research revealed with results of certain pre existing conditions, pathophysiological studies, preventive measures and sepsis bundle for treating and preventing sepsis to save the life of the patients.

The article seemed to imply that the parasite naturally occurs within the feline population. The article does not mention

Hospital acquired infections (HAI) will begin to display signs and symptoms within 48 hours. In order to treat the infections, physicians need to diagnostic tools quickly. The manufacturer of new diagnostic test makers, Kalorama Information stated last year that the world demand for testing and treatment of HAI will be over 10 billion dollars by the year 2015, increasing from 9 billion dollars in 2010. Kalorama also stated that HAI has a 5% infection rate of 40 million hospital visits a year, causing 100,000 deaths in the U.S. annually (Kalorama Information, July 14, 2011). Early diagnosis will improve the patient's outcome and decrease the chance of death. According to Kalorama, 20-30% of the HAI can be prevented by the simple use of better hand washing and cross contamination avoidance although the others need more intensive changes such as hospital ventilation systems and using more disposable supplies (Kalorama Information, p. 113) .

For backfill purposes, Urgent Care Department will need the following Ancillary FTE's to support 2017 anticipated membership growth and improve department budget status: 2.1 LVN's. Per November's YTD Budget Report department is overbudget by $2,431.443. Part of overbudget costs included replacing LVN's that were on medical leave, vacation,

et al., 2008). Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs) and it

Thirty to 50 percent of the 400,000 to 500,000 cases of sepsis in the United States each year are fatal, emphasizing the seriousness of this public health concern [2]. Recent research into possible alternative treatment options indicates that patients being treated with statin therapy are less likely to develop sepsis from a serious infection, die from sepsis or develop serious complications due to sepsis; however, the mechanism of action is unknown and therefore is the focus of this study [2, 6, 10-12]. Possible mechanisms of action include a direct interaction of the statin with the sepsis-causing organism, an interaction between the statin and the host immune system or a combination of the two [9, 14, 16-17]. Additionally, recent studies indicate that statins may have a direct antimicrobial effect and has suggested that statins may diminish the replication and infectivity of some pathogens responsible for sepsis [11, 14, 16-17]. Thus, we hypothesized that statins could benefit septic patients by

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), including acute otitis media (AOM) are the most common cause of ambulatory physician visits and antimicrobial prescriptions in children1,2. The most common bacterial causes of URTI are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, though the majority of cases are caused by viral pathogens 3–10. Distinguishing between viral and bacterial URTI can be difficult. Reports on quality of antimicrobial prescriptions have shown a 30-50% of all out-patient prescriptions due to (upper) respiratory tract infections to be inappropriate2,10,11. In Europe the quality of prescription is higher in the north of the continent, including Iceland compared to in the south12. Conversely, many factors contribute to the overuse of antimicrobials2,13–15, which in turn results to increase in antimicrobial resistance16,17. Contributing factors cited by by physicians to cause over-prescription include uncertainty of diagnosis, fear of disease complications, lack of perception of harmful effects of antimicrobials, not perceiving their own prescription practices to be a problem, pressure by patients, limited time, fear of damaging doctor-patient relationship in addition to language, cultural and educational barriers2,13–15. Antimicrobials were long a mainstay treatment against AOM in fear of rare, but dangerous complications, which have later been found to be unfounded, asnd

Kacey, thank you for provide your insight on the framework for praxis discussion. Kacey, we have same phenomenon of interest (POI), which is sepsis prevention. Kacey, as you had stated that sepsis is a major issue in the emergency rooms (ERs). However, sepsis is also a major factor for the medical-surgical units and intensive care units (ICUs). Sepsis within the United Stated represent 2 % of patients admission to the hospitals, additionally, 10% of those admissions are treated in the ICUs. (Kleinpell & Schorr, 2014).

According to the authors, Bernstein & Lynn (2013), “A common and devastating condition, sepsis has significant healthcare implication worldwide.” The authors elaborate on the different types of sepsis and the complications that arise from them along with the pathophysiology and risk factors. Bernstein and Lynn emphasized the importance of a proper nursing assessments, recognition of septic progression and nursing interventions.

Assessment Although a patient in severe sepsis may be transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), medical-surgical nurses must be able to recognize early signs and symptoms of sepsis to ensure prompt treatment before the patient requires ICU admission. Severe sepsis Severe sepsis occurs when a patient with documented sepsis goes on to develop acute organ dysfunction with hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxemia. Simple prevention strategies Without proper assessment and early identification, patients with sepsis can deteriorate quickly, suffering compromised tissue oxygenation and organ dysfunction for many hours. Be aware that although blood pressure readings are crucial in assessing and planning care for the septic patient, mean arterial pressure

Sepsis is a systemic response to infection that leads to severe sepsis and septic shock (Dellinger et al., 2013). Severe sepsis and septic shock are major health concerns, affecting millions of people, and killing one in four (Dellinger et al., 2013). Multisystem organ failure (MOF) is one of the leading causes of death of hospitalized patients with the underlying condition of sepsis (Rittirsch, Redl, & Huber-Lang, 2012).

Sepsis continues to be a significant cause of death and morbidity in the intensive care unit (ICU), with documented mortality rates as high as 50% (Nargis, Ibrahim, & Ahamed, 2014). It is also estimated to be the principal cause of death and illness worldwide (Singer et al., 2016). Moreover, the socioeconomic costs related to sepsis were determined to be more than $20 billion in 2011 in the United States (Balk et al., 2017). Also, there has been a steady increase in the incidences of sepsis as the technological advances in medicine allow for more invasive procedures, the growth of multi-drug resistant organisms, and an aging demographic (Nargis, Ibrahim, & Ahamed, 2014). Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment of sepsis are paramount.

Sepsis is a serious infection of the blood or tissues that affects your child’s whole body. The infection that causes sepsis may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Sepsis may be life threatening. Sepsis can cause your child’s blood pressure to drop. This may result in shock. Shock causes the central nervous system and the organs to stop working correctly.

Millions of oocysts are shed for if three weeks after the infection. Oocysts become infective within a few days in the environment. The oocysts are found in feces of domestic and wild cats. In the gut, oocysts transform into tachyzoites and they travel to other parts of the body through the bloodstream and develop into tissue cysts. They can remain in the skeletal muscles, brain, and eyes for decades”. (www.parasitesinhumans.com)

Consider the life cycle of the parasite, (Figure One) and all of the factors are associated with such, as it plays a role in the involvement of invasion. Once a sporozoite invades a hepatocyte, creates a vesicular body, and undergoes asexual development, the parasite