Acute Inflammation

mediators, causing increasing capillary permeability and widespread fluid shift into the interstitial space, which was no longer functioning to maintain vascular volume (known as third spacing) in addition, causing further vasodilation to occur.

The hydrostatic pressure (or blood pressure) and osmotic pressure (water pressure) are responsible for balancing and creating the movement of fluid across the capillary wall.

The $TM$ is composed of three different layers, namely the uveal meshwork, the corneoscleral meshwork and the juxtacanalicular meshwork ($JCT$). As intercelular areas are considerable, the uveal meshwork does not present much resistance to $AH$ outflow. The second layer presents lamellae covered by endothelium-like cells, their intracellular spaces are narrovwer and thus, increase the flow resistance. The juxtacanalicular meshwork is an irregular tissue and is the major cause of resistance to flow. It lies directly the inner wall of endothelial cells from the $SC$ \cite{llobet2003understanding}.

B. Given that lymph vessels carry under very low pressure, they require assistance in moving lymph, especially vessels below the level of the heart which must move lymph upwards against gravity. The 2 mechanisms which

movement of water in tissues and maintain the fluidity of mucus and other secretions [3].

When tissue injury occurs, a network of chemical signals activate a host response which is designed to protect and heal the damaged tissues (i.e. inflammation) (Coussens & Werb, 2002). This process involves the activation and migration of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils) to the site of damage as well as recruitment of tissue mast cells (Coussens & Werb, 2002). Additionally, this inflammatory response involves migration of macrophage progenitors, which travel through the venous system to the site of injury. This migratory process is directed to the site of tissue damage by a host of chemotactic factors, among these are cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and

The blood bypasses the vital capillary networks around the nephron. Ischemia will occur in the capillaries, in which blood supply will be reduced, thus reduced volume and pressure and cause decreased delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells. If arteriovenous anastomosis formation is severe, tissues of the kidney will experience malnutrition and hypoxia: reduced oxygen levels in tissue (Saunders, 2007). Especially, hypoxia will greatly effect tissues, furthermore kidney functioning as oxygen is essential for cells to create energy through a fundamental process called cellular respiration. Cells will not be able to carry out activities such as repairing and transporting if cellular respiration does not occur. Vessels and ducts that have large amounts of fluid flowing through and exchanging substances continuously through their walls, experience more frequent damage. If repairing cannot keep up with the rate of damage in cells, cell function will

The cardiovascular system is the network of blood vessels with the major role in transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the tissues and the waste products from organs and tissues. The diseases of the cardiovascular system, either acquired or congenital, may result in ischemia or undersupply of major organs, which would be a threat to the overall health of an individual. Events caused by cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in the treatment and the preventive strategies of cardiovascular diseases, the social and economic burdens due to these diseases continue to grow. Further efforts, therefore,

Inflammation is nothing but the body’s immune system fighting something that may be harmful. Some of the important points regarding inflammation are-

In 2014, Robert Klabunde, a doctor and expert in cardiovascular physiology concepts gave expert clarification on the topic when he explains that fluid in the body is known primarily as the blood that is transferred from the heart to all the vessels that carry the blood. The physical factors, called hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure, direct the movement of the fluids within the space between cells and blood vessels, which is known as the interstitial space. (Klabunde, 2014). Hydrostatic pressure is a pressure that is exerts a force at equilibrium because of gravity. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure needed to apply to prevent movement of water across a membrane. These pressures allows the fluid to remain balanced within the interstitial compartment (Klabunde, 2014). If these pressure are altered, then fluid will increase in the interstitial compartment; ultimately causing swelling to occur in the

Some of the "good" or "normal" responses of a blood vessel to injury are the same mechanisms which lead to "bad" consequences when the inflammatory response is heightened in an autoimmune attack on the vessel itself in vasculitis.

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, pain, swelling, and heat or hot to the touch (College, 2013). These relate to the changes in the blood vessels at the site of inflammation in different ways. Redness in the area becomes a sign due to the increase of blood flow within the area (College, 2013). Pain in the area is a cardinal sign because vessels vasodilate by relaxing the smooth vascular muscle via prostaglandins (College, 2013). Swelling is a cardinal indicator of inflammation due to the inflammatory mediator histamine increases the area of permeability in the surrounding capillaries causing plasma to seep out of the area causing fluid buildup such as swelling (College, 2013). Heat or an area being hot to the touch is also

Inflammation is a normal immune reaction in response to tissue injury or invading exogenous molecules/ pathogens and can be either localized or systemic. The aim of acute inflammation is restoring the tissue homeostatic imbalance by promoting tissue repair and eliminating the causative stimuli through a complex but highly regulated cascade of events (Medzhitov 2008). Under physiological conditions, successful acute inflammation is followed by a resolution phase during which pro-inflammatory processes are suppressed and physiological homeostasis is achieved. However, an ongoing inflammatory event or an impaired resolution phase characterized by continuous pro-inflammatory processes results in chronic inflammation (Maskrey et al. 2011; Fullerton

Hydrostatic pressure then forces the filtered fluids out of the golmerual capillaries into the bowmans capsual this fluid is now known as glomerurale filtrate. Plasma oncotic pressure will now increase and the hydrostatic pressure will decrease, This increase in glomerulary capillary oncotic pressure will reduce the net filteration pressure to zero on the outer of the capillary essentially stopping the filtration processes.

“Inflammation is a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to tissue damage” says J.Tortora & Derrickson (2011), it is an effort