Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ( All )

Without cell division and the cell cycle nearly all life would fail to exist. Cell division allows an organism to not only replace its own cells but to create offspring. The cell cycle consists of two main parts: interphase and mitotic phase. Within these two phases the processes can be broken down into further categories. Interphase can be broken down into three subphases that are the necessary preparations the cell makes in order to be ready to divide during mitosis. For this lab we looked mainly at the mitotic phase because of its fascinating and rapid changes to the cell. The cell types we looked at were prepared slides of whitefish and onion root tip.

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for up to 25% of all pediatric cancers and 80% of all pediatric leukemias (Essig, Et. al; Szychot, Brodkiewicz and Peregud-Pogorzelski). Along with ALL, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are the most common leukemias seen today (“Leukemia”). This disease can affect people at all ages and is known for relapsing which makes it a prime candidate for research in order to improve diagnostic and treatment techniques (Tabe and Konopleya). Due to this research, the five-year survival rate of patients with ALL has increased to 85% (Winther

Cancer can be observed through a realm of different perspectives, ranging from religion to science. For our purposes, we will be evaluating the biological and psychological effects childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can have on children. Childhood ALL is the formation of abnormal white cells within our bone marrow. Unlike Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, childhood ALL occurs rapidly with great intensity. Normally, our bone marrow functions to produce a variety of cells including, white blood cells, which assist our immune system in fighting viruses, red blood cells, which transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, and platelets, which prevent bleeding in our body. “In a healthy child, the bone marrow makes blood stem cells

According to, “Acute lymphocytic leukemia”(2013), “The word leukemia literally means "white blood" and is used to describe a variety of cancers that begin in the blood-forming cells (lymphocytes) of the bone marrow.” There are two major types of leukemia, which include acute and chronic. Acute Leukemia has several immature white bloods cells and progresses very quickly. Chronic Leukemia has a significant amount of white blood cells and progresses very slowly. Leukemia begins in the bone marrow and works its way throughout the body infecting all major organs. There are no known causes of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). However, it is believed that a combination between environmental, biological and genetic play a role in this type of cancer.

We must know the cycle of cells first if we want to know how the treatment of cancer works, cell has a 5 phase cycle. We call the cell mitosis when it divides into two cells. Cyclin-dependent kinases is a protein that control the five phase cycle.

Brain cancer affects the cell cycle by causing the cells to go out of control. It starts out normal but the cells in the brain start going though the cell cycle and rapidly dividing the cancerous cells. Therefore, the immune system thinks that the cells are doing their job so the immune system does nothing. The cell cycle is the natural and orderly progression that cells take to undergo proper division. The cell cycle is a series of four steps which are G1, S, G2, and M. G1 phase is prepares cells for copying, S phase directs the copying of the DNA, G2 phase leads to further cell growth. The M phase represents the stage where the single mother cell divides into two daughter cells.

Many question, “What does the Cell cycle have to do with cancer?”The cell cycle is a process in which cells develop and go on to divide.The cell cycle lies in the metaphorical heart of cancer. The cell cycle is a series of pathways by which a cell is signaled and continues to grow, the cell the replicates and divides.The process also includes different additional systems to make sure any problems that occur are corrected.If the problems are not corrected the cells fail and “commit suicide” in other words,(apoptosis).The only thing is, after apoptosis happens, cancer begins, as a result of genetic cells changing, the process then malfunctions which then causes uncontrollable cell growth.

After their successful work with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, St. Jude Children’s Hospital decided to expand their efforts outwards and focus on another type of leukemia that attacks the lives of children every year. Acute Myeloid Leukemia, a cancer that begins in bone marrow and quickly multiplies and spreads to white blood cells, makes up 20% of all childhood leukemia (Pui 51). The first AML study at St. Jude began in 1986. Before the start of this project, only one child out of every 58 children suffering from this illness survived for a time greater than five years; however, by the end of the first study completed in 1973, the rate of remission had increased to 66%. Although St. Jude was ecstatic that they had brought the rate of remission

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a malignant disorder of lymphoid progenitor cells, is the most common hematological malignancy affects children, accounting for 25–30% of all childhood cancers with peak prevalence between the ages of 2 and 5 years [1]. The causes of pediatric acute leukemias are still not well known, the identification of causes and prevention/early intervention is clearly a worthwhile goal [2]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the interaction between genetic background, lifestyle, and these environmental factors play a critical role in the development of ALL in children [3].

The eukaryotic cell cycle, mitosis, is a succession of events that occur for the reproduction and growth of these multi-cellular organisms. Characteristic events in mitosis can divide the cell cycle into different stages, or phases. This paper focuses on the interphase of cell cycle, which is when DNA replication occurs, and the cell is engaged in metabolic activities to prepare itself for cell division. The idea that these two processes are related arises much controversy in what their relation is exactly. A few theories propose that the cell cycle dictates DNA replication, whereas others support that DNA replication dictates the cell cycle. However, more research on yeast cells have determined that some unknown mechanisms

The two main phases that occur during a cell cycle are interphase and mitosis. During most of a cell cycle, the cell spends a majority of its time in interphase resting in the cell cycle. Within interphase, the cell goes through 3 phases; 2 growth phases and DNA replication. During Interphase the cell goes through its first gap phase (G1). During G1 protein and RNA synthesis occurs so that the cell can grow and mature. (Cooper, Geoffrey M) G1 is very important because it controls the rate at which the cell grows and develops. The phase following G1 is the Synthesis phase (S1). The main component of S1 is DNA synthesis. DNA replicates during this phase so that there will be an excess of chromosomes in the cell. This part of interphase is

Healthy cells within living organisms are constantly undergoing a process that is marked by change called the life cycle of the cell. While every species is different, all cells within them follow close to the same pattern of life and division. As listed in the table above, the steps of the cell life cycle are marked by 1. The first growth phase, 2. A developmental checkpoint, 3. The synthesis of genetic information, 4. A second growth phase, 5. Another developmental checkpoint, and 6. Mitosis, or division into two new cells. The first growth phase is pretty self-explanatory: the cell is just beginning its life and must have time and nourishment to develop its organelles. It is twice the length of the G2 phase and will continue until chemical receptors within the cell clear it through step 2, which is the checkpoint. This checkpoint is carried out by the cell’s chemical receptors and is a way for the cell to check its surface area and compare that to its volume. If the ratio is where it is supposed to be (these values vary for each cell type and each organism), then the cell will move on to step 3: Synthesis. Step 3 is when a cell will begin to replicate its genetic information, or chromatids. These chromatids are bound together by a protein called a centromere and are collectively known as a chromosome. After the synthesis of genetic information takes place, the cell moves on to stage 4: G2. This phase is where the cell begins to replicate its organelles so that the newly

Chapter five primarily covers information about cells, cell division, and the different types of cell cycles. The cell cycle is a sequence of events that makeup the life of a typical eukaryotic cell, from the moment of its origin, to the time it divides to produce two daughter cells. Interphase starts off the cell cycle and it is the longest stage in the cell cycle. Most cells spend 90% or more of their life span in interphase. Interphase is divided into three main phases-G0, G1, S, and G2 phases. This portion of the cell cycle takes in nutrients; manufactures proteins and other substances, expands in size, and conducts special functions which depend on the cell type. The G1 phase is the first phase in the life of a newborn cell, and is known as the “gap 1” phase. The S phase is the phase that follows the G1 phase. In this phase, cells that are destined to divide, preparations for cell division begin during the S phase. The “s” in this phase stands for “synthesis”. This phase is responsible for replication of the cell’s DNA, and this is one of the most important responsibilities performed in this phase. G2 phase occurs after the S phase but before the start of cell division. The G2 phase is known as the “gap 2” phase. The G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase, each make up the parts of interphase. Cell division is the last stage in the life of an individual cell. As cell division begins, the cell contains twice the amount of DNA because of DNA replication in the S phase. The G0

Cell cycle is a series of sequenced events in a Eukaryotic (a cell with a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles) from its origin until its division to produce two daughter cells. There are different forms of cell division: mitosis: an asexual division that produces daughter nuclei with the exact copies of the parent nuclei and Meiosis; cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes to produce specialized cells called gametes (sex cells) that produces half the number of chromosome of the parent cell. Cell cycle is divided in three major steps: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During interphase step, the cell produces proteins particular cells need to function properly. Interphase is separated into three phases: G1 phase where most cell’s organelles duplicate leading the cell to grow and expand, Synthesis phase where the DNA in the chromosome replicate, and G2 phase where the proteins are synthesized preparing mitosis for cell division. Due to the numerous activities going on, the cell spends a lot of time in interphase. Next major step of the cell cycle is the mitotic (M) phase, during which the cell splits into two distinct cells, often called "daughter cells". Mitosis is accomplished during four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense, so they can move around freely, nuclear envelopes, the membrane that surrounds the nucleus scatters, and spindle protein structures called