Acute Myeloid Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Norcantharidin (NCTD), the demethylated analogue of cantharidin, has been used to treat human cancers in China since 1984. It was recently found to be capable of inducing apoptosis in human colon carcinoma, hepatoma and glioblastoma cells by way of an elusive mechanism.1 Norcantatharidins and their analogues are synthetic anticancer agents which have been used in various different procedures for the inducing growth arrest and apoptosis of tumour cells and also provide therapeutic and adjuvant therapeutic applications in the treatment of cancer agents.2 This report will discuss the various different NCTD that are currently being studied, highlighting the synthesis of these NCTD and their various biological pathways that are taken in order to inhibit the growth of the correspondent cancer cell. In particular NCTD induced apoptosis of the hepatoma cells will be considered and also highlighting the different views with the synthesis of the particular NCTD and also the effectiveness of the methodology and its observations in response to other NCTD and their mechanism in attacking the hepatoma cell site.

For years people have been looking for a cure for the devastating disease of cancer. Cancer is the third highest killer in the US with over 2,500,000 victims per year. Oncologists and scientists around the country are researching all forms of cancer in an effort to understand, treat, and ultimately defeat this disease. Already there have been numerous advances in the field, such as chemotherapy and gene therapy. One advance has been the use of a cell process known as apoptosis. By harnessing this normal cell process, scientists hope to have found an effective way to combat cancer.

Cellulase. Cellulase from Aspergillus niger (Cat: C1184, Sigma-Aldrich) was used in same concentration as pronase E i.e. 100 enzyme units (U) per 200 µl. The activity for cellulase was marked as 1.3 units/ mg solid and hence 1.92 grams of cellulase powder was added to 5 ml Tris (0.05 M, pH 7.4) to get desired stock solution concentration of 500 U/ml.

2.2 Materials and Methods: Polyamino-ether was obtained from the collaborator Dr. Kaushal Rege lab in Arizona state University. All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 2.2.1 Synthesis of the bioreducible modified-PAE: The obtained PAE polymer was synthesized by reacting neomycin with glycidyl ether at molar ratio of 1:2 as reported in detail by Rege et al. previously[14].

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires a series of mutation during mitosis to develop, its characteristics can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells have make it hard to find a single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies

The purpose of this paper is to educate individuals on a cancerous disease called leukemia. The disease leukemia mostly affects children but can also have an impact on the elderly. However leukemia is mainly found in the bone marrow which I will emphasize throughout this essay. In this paper I will be explaining the cause of this disease, what the 4 main types of leukemia are, who are mainly at risks to get this disease; also I will touch on the current research and the sign and symptoms of this disease.

Each 1.5 ml microcentrifude tube containing 50 µg myceliums, 50 µl of Lysozyme, 450 µl of Lysis solution and 3 µl of RNase A was kept for hour at 37 0C on water bath, vortex several times in duration. Then, addition 250 µl of 2% SDS, gently invert before addtion 250 µl of mixing Phenol- Chloroform- Isoamylclcohol ratio is 25:24:1, vortex and centrifuge at 12,000 rpm in 10 minutes then transfer supernatant on up layer to a new 1.5 ml microcentrifuge and repeat that step again before the next step to completely remove unexpected components. Subsequently, 0.1X of 3M Sodium acetate pH 4.8 was supplemented,

cells and avoid the immune system response; also in human influenza infections, this glycan promotes binding of the virus to the glycans on erythrocytes; thus, facilitating the entry of the virus to the cells. Its overexpression on cell membranes is linked to cancer metastasis (Fuster and Esko, 2005; Severi et al., 2007). Therefore, the better understanding of how this post-translational modification occurs, will give insight into options for applications in biotechnology and medical treatments. A way of doing this is generating sialic acid analogues to be accepted by a SiaT enzyme. For instance, studies with various α-2-3 and α 2 6 linked sialyl galactosides analogues containing C9-modified sialic acids (produced by a coupled assay with enzymes:

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults, approximately 20,800 people are diagnosed each year, leading to the lowest survival rate of all of the leukemias. It is a category of cancer of the blood and also the bone marrow (the soft inner part of some bones), and inside the spongy bone where blood cells are created. The average age for this type of leukemia is 65 or older, and is also generally more common in males rather than females. Acute Myeloid Leukemia is cured in 35-40% of people less than 60 years old and 5-15% in people older than 60 years old. If untreated, it can be fatal, and also it can spread to other parts of the body, including organs and tissues. Doctors still do not know what causes AML due to the fact that most people with this disease do not have risk factors that can be altered. Treatment of the AML always depends on the subtype of AML, and some treatments mays include high-dose

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that is defined by permeation of the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues by proliferative, clonal, abnormally differentiated, and occasionally poorly differentiated treated cells of the hematopoietic system(1). The dynamic interaction between leukemia cells and the bone marrow microenvironment is one of the characteristics of leukemia. The important components of the bone marrow environment include tumor cells, extracellular matrix, non-tomur cells (fibroblasts, stromal cells, immune cells) and hypoxia(2). It is well- known in solid tumors that the excessive proliferation of tumor cells causes a severe hypoxia, which can lead to tumor progression. In the hematologic malignancies, there is the

The number of cancer cases does not seem to be depleting despite the fact that science in terms of medical aspect especially and technology are becoming more advance nowadays. Even though the cure for cancer seems still out of reach, the research for it still continues. As the year progresses, cancer studies have been done in several models both in vivo (Rine, 2013) and in silico (Jeanquartier, Jean-Quartier, Cemernek, & Holzinger, 2016). These models enabled researcher and scientist to understand the systemic mechanism that occurred within a living organism.

There are ample evidences that show potential chemotherapeutic efficacy of EGCG against cancers of the skin, lung, breast, colon, liver, stomach and prostate (Kanwar et al., 2012). EGCG is auto-oxidized in both cells and culture media, and the oxidized EGCG induces apoptosis in cells. Recent studies demonstrate that EGCG can induce the preferential death in cancer cells is due to the cancer-specific induction of ROS (reactive oxygen species) (Min et al., 2012). EGCG was also shown to block EBV-induced transformation and the expression of viral lytic proteins (Chang et al., 2003; Choi et al., 2009). However, the effects of EGCG on PEL cells and HHV8 replication in PEL cells have not yet been reported.

First, the α-2,6 sialylation can block the apoptosis mechanism40-41. Apoptosis is the mechanism of programmed cell death of multicellular organisms. The apoptosis process is induced by binding of cell galectins42-43. Galectins are a type of lectin and lectins are a class of proteins which can bind to specific proteins, via interacting with specific glycans. These galectins bind galactose of cell surface glycans to initiate the killing mechanism. It has been reported that α-2,6 sialyation significantly blocks galectin binding and inhibit apoptosis and this leads to the undesirable growth of cancer cells44-45. The α-2,6 sialyation also significantly blocks apoptosis pathways which use FAS46 and TNFR147 cell receptors.

Artemisinin is a drug derived from the leaves of the plant Artemisia annua, which has been found to have antimalarial properties as well as its derivative artesunate. Artemisinin and artesunate have not only been found to have anti-bacterial and antiviral effects, but anti-cancer effects as well. The effects of artimisinin and artesunate on different types of cancer cells are being explored in neuroblastoma cells, primary blastoma cultures, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer cells. A neuroblastoma, an extracranial tumor that affects children, has an overall survival rate of less than 40% due to acquired chemoresistance (Martin et al., 2011). Hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common type of liver cancer,

Antisense-based therapeutics have attracted much interest as a novel class of agents for the treatment of ‘viral infections, cancers and genetic disorders due to their