Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( Ards )

1. A physician is called to the intensive care unit to provide care for a patient who received second- and third-degree burns over 50 percent of his body due to a chemical fire. The patient is in respiratory distress and is suffering from severe dehydration. The physician provides support for two hours. Later that day the physician returns and provides an additional hour of critical care support to the patient.

There is a considerable controversy regarding the use of OBL in patients with respiratory failure and those on mechanical ventilation because of the potential high morbidity and mortality associated with its use in those patients (20, 21). While the role of OLB has become well established in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (18), its utility and safety are more controversial in critically ill patients. Proponents of OLB argue that solid diagnosis of underlying aetiology can be helpful in determination of the best course of treatment (22). Moreover, the risk of biopsy is fairly low if adequate precautions are taken (23). In contrast, opponents of OLB believe that defining the underlying mechanism of injury is largely academic and it will not add new to the treatment of those patients because of the lack of specific therapies for underlying aetiologies of ARDS and respiratory

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is also known as shock lung, wet lung, post perfusion lung and a variety of other names related to specific causes.

The observation of both animal and humans has revealed that mechanical ventilation can cause severe lung injury if over-distention occurs (Roupie et al., 1995). To make the matter even worse, the very patients that need mechanical ventilation the most, patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome for example, are especially susceptible to over-distention and therefore, lung injury (Stewart et al., 1998). The main reason that patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome or respiratory distress syndrome are in higher risk of lung injury is due to over-distention, caused by reduced numbers of alveoli as result of fluid buildup, consolidation, and atelectasis (Roupie et al., 1995).

Based on a case study for a 76 year old female, Betty White, presenting to a medical ward with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), this paper will firstly outline a brief summary of COPD and discuss the associated risk factors. Secondly, the patient’s information will be summarised. From the perspective of the primary Registered Nurse, this paper will detail steps of an initial clinical assessment of the patient. In doing this, the priorities and considerations involved in order to provide best patient care for this scenario will be addressed. A discussion of information and suggested interventions will be integrated as to how the nurse shall develop a plan of care. Furthermore, it will outline

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral disease. Its cause is the coronavirus, and it has been a pandemic infection in the past (Thiel, 2007). While SARS has not been completely eradicated, the last confirmed infection was in 2004 and was laboratory induced (Thiel, 2007). The last confirmed, naturally-occurring case was in 2003 at the end of an outbreak (Smith, 2006; Blendon, 2003). There were few SARS-related deaths in the United States, but there were numerous infections. All of those people acquired the disease from traveling abroad, and it did not spread widely as the US population feared it might. The majority of SARS cases were in China, which caused some Asian-Americans in the US to feel stigmatized (Thiel, 2007). The following picture shows the cases and deaths by country: INCLUDEPICTURE "http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sars_Cases_and_Deaths.pdf/page1-776px-Sars_Cases_and_Deaths.pdf.jpg" * MERGEFORMATINET

Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome is a highly contagious virus that is contracted when the victim touches a surface or sneezes. It is believed that SARS primarily attacks the lungs but it is not fully understood if it is the only organ affected. Some liver abnormalities have occurred but it is not fully known if the disease attacks the liver as well. The virus is believed to have originated from China, but it was diagnosed in a Vietnamese hospital by Dr. Carlo Urbani. Both the doctor and the patient died from SARS complications.

Out of the 53 subjects, twenty six patients were recruited to the hospital at home care and twenty seven were hospitalized. The two groups were similar in demographic, clinical, and pulmonary function characteristics, however pneumonia as a cause of acute decompensation was most frequent in the hospitalized group versus the hospital at home group. In the hospital at home group 18 subjects or 69.2% responded well and eight required hospitalization. These eight subjects were all older and suffered from ALS which is an advance form of NMD and also had a history of more hospitalization during the last three years. Three out of those eight subjects required intubation due to mucus encumbrance and severe hypoxemia and eventually needed a tracheotomy. Three other subjects required full time ventilatory dependence and a 24 hour surveillance in respiratory ICU.

1.16. Explain the standard set of nursing observations that are completed on an individual who is in respiratory distress? Blood pressure, L&S manual or machine, SPo2 used on finger, ear or nose, Respirations for full minute, HR manual or through machine, neurovascular observation and capillary refill, pain scale, alert scale (Chrisp & Taylor, 2011)

Respiratory distress syndrome type I is a decrease production of surfactant, a noncelluar chemical produced in the type II alveolar in the lungs

The American Journal of Critical Care is a bi-monthly, peer-reviewed journal focused on improving the care of critically ill patients and their families. The authors provide resources in the form of research studies, case reports, reports on new techniques, clinical/basic science reviews, guest editorials and clinical studies. The editors strongly encourage works focused on collaborative practice and research targeted at health professionals caring for critical care populations.

Etiology of acute bronchitis include airway edema, airway wall thickening, excess mucus production and loss of ciliary function resultsource. Airflow is obstructed during both inspiration and expirations. Widespread bronchial narrowing with mucus plugging produces hypoxemia because of the mismatching of ventilation and perfusion (Papadakis et al., 2015). The most common presenting symptoms is dyspnea on exertion which usually develops late in the course of the disease. Lungs are diminished and crackles are more common than wheezes. The

Patient F.F. is a 75-year-old female that arrived to the emergency room and admitted to the floor for left lobe pneumonia from an exacerbation from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. Upon my assessment, the patient was short of breath and required 2 liters of oxygen by nasal cannula to prevent use of accessory muscles and loss of breath. Wheezes were present in the lower lobes of the lungs and breath sounds were diminished. The patient’s oxygen level was 95% on 2 liters of oxygen, but once the oxygen was removed, the oxygen level would drop down to 88%. A productive cough was present with green sputum. The patient reported feeling ‘weak’ and ‘unable to get around like [she] used to.’

Acute on chronic respiratory failure with severe hypoxemia can cause serious complications. The respiratory system is responsible for the bodies gas exchange of O2 and CO2. All the organs of the body need oxygen rich blood to function correctly. The lungs are a very delicate sponge like organ that consist of capillaries for oxygen transport and alveolar air-filled sacs. the patients have been exposed to a toxic inhalant chemical and has a history of tobacco use, this correlate with his current state of health. The patient was originally brought into an ER with his oxygen saturation at 51%, when he was stabilized he was brought to this facility.

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common lung disorder that mostly affects preterm infants. RDS is caused by insufficient surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs leading to alveolar collapse. Clinically, RDS presents soon after birth with tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, hypercapnia, and/or an oxygen need. The usual course is clinical worsening followed by recovery in 3 to 5 days as adequate surfactant production occurs. Research in the prevention and treatment of this disease has led to major improvements in the care of preterm infants with RDS and increased survival. However, RDS remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the most preterm infants. This chapter reviews the most current evidence-based management of RDS, including prevention, delivery room stabilization, respiratory management, and supportive care.