Acute Urbanization And The City Of Mumbai

Despite technological and scientific advances in prediction and mitigation, we have seen a serious increase in both mortality and economic losses from disasters since 1960, particularly in the developing world. Disasters are, in fact, increasing in impact and scope through the combined effects of economic, social, demographic, ideological and technological factors. Greater numbers of people are more

Over the past several decades, mixed-use development has taken centre stage in the urban planning& real estate development worlds. Whether it is the New Urbanism, Smart Growth, the Compact City, or any other movement relating to the improvement of the built environment, mixing land uses is a ubiquitous component of the underlying visions& ideals. Moreover, the concept is being embraced more by private sectors,& by each of the major parties involved in the real estate development process, the end users who demand space; the developers, investors,& financial institutions that supply space;& the planners& policy makers that regulate space.

Natural disasters affect thousands of lives each year, and have the potential to drastically alter a country/state and its people. Because of the destructive force Mother Nature can bring about, it is imperative to have mitigation plans set up in populated areas to protect people and reduce the structural damage to buildings, houses, etc. There are some mitigation plans, however, that have been unsuccessful, resulting in catastrophic disasters. Best examples of these are the Connecticut Flood of 1955 and Hurricane Katrina. Even though these are two different types of natural disasters; the level of destruction, preparedness, mitigation strategies, and the overall aftermaths had profound and lasting changes on the areas inflicted, mainly Connecticut and Louisiana.

Disasters are bound to strike at a given time and they more often find us unaware, this is the sole reason why the majority of the disasters that happen are usually fatal and destructive. This then calls for the need to try as much as possible to prevent these disasters and in particular in our cities. This is due to the fact that in the cities there are large populations that live close to each other or work in offices crammed together hence the likelihood of a disaster turning absolutely fatal if and when it strikes. However, due to the inevitable nature of these disasters, it is upon us to make adequate preparations that can enable us to minimize the effects of the natural disasters as much as possible when and if they happen.

Further, analyze and understand the adequacy of the measures taken to adapt future climate change induced hazard risks. I have developed my capacity by doing the Masters’ Degrees in Disaster Management and Emergency Management with a research work.

To begin, one of the largest and long term solutions is the effort to combat climate change. Climate change contributes to coastal flooding through multiple ways, but the most devastating to coastal cities is sea level rise. Increases in global temperatures cause sea levels to rise, which causes flooding at earlier stages due to tides already being higher from higher sea levels. When this happens, high tides come in further and cause more flooding. Sea level rise contributes to both ‘nuisance flooding’ and catastrophic flooding. It can cause longer duration and intensity of flooding, as the flood waters take longer to subside (Ezer & Atkinson, 2014). Catastrophic flooding caused by large scale events, such as a hurricane, are more prevalent now than 100 years ago, which corresponds to the rise in sea levels. Suggestions to combat climate change are varied and range from lowering carbon emissions to reducing deforestation (NTNU, 2015). Reducing sea level rise that is caused by global warming through climate change is an important aspect of flood prevention. In regards to nuisance flooding alone, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has stated that sea level rise will cause increasing nuisance flooding and the time between flooding incidents will decrease (NOAA, 2015). Due to the many solutions proposed

Sustainability is based on designing for storms that have already happen. For example, a storm occurs and damage is done to a community. The community then decides to redesign a building that was ruined to withstand the storm that ruined it. This seems as though it could be logical, but it does not consider that the next storm will be greater than the last, as suggested by scientific trends about storm frequency and intensity (Blunden). Thus, it is noted that sustainability is almost solely dependent on historical accounts and records of the previous disasters putting the population, economy, and infrastructure at a deficit when it comes to preparedness for disasters. These issues are evident in FEMA flood mapping. Through the RiskMAP program, they “identify flood hazards, assess flood risks, and provide accurate data to guide stakeholders in taking effective mitigation actions that result in safer and more resilient communities,” (Flood Hazard Mapping…). The agency produces maps to “provide the basis for community floodplain management regulations and flood insurance requirements” based on various factors (Flood Hazard Mapping…). The

“All new buildings and developments undergoing major improvements must be elevated to or above the 100-year flood level, and new developments within portions of the floodplain must not increase flood problems or damage other properties” (Schwab, 2010). Also, local officials created a detailed, comprehensive plan that integrates mitigation planning and action framework, unlike other local hazard-mitigation plans. The essential difference amongst Roseville plans and other cities is that “Roseville has well exceeded the minimum disaster mitigation act of 2000 requirements for citizen involvement by formulating the Roseville Hazard Mitigation Plan through a variety of robust outreach measures.” (Schwab, 2010). The local government’s strong mitigation action and leadership reflected the strong commitment and priorities to ensure they created a safer and more secure future for the citizens of

The goals of the city Emergency Management operations unit are “to save lives, protect property and the environment, stabilize the incident and provide for basic human needs” (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2013). A well developed emergency mitigation plan for this community will help to reduce the impact of disasters and save life and property. This paper will explore how different social groups of people react to disaster and various ways people react to disasters. Some of the key points to highlights on this paper include the importance of mitigation, each mitigation strategy listed, special needs population considerations. The paper will also access the applicability of the five hazard mitigation strategies including; hazard source control, community protection works, land-use practices, building construction practices, and building contents protection to the community.

Arroyo gives a general overview of America's history of natural disasters and causes. Arroyo does a great job of relating issues such as human necessity, behavior, environmental issues and natural disasters. Her logic is compelling suggesting that we should construct our lives upon the fact we cannot control nature. For example, Arroyo suggests that cities like New York is incredibly vulnerable to storms and sea level rise as with the subway flooding. But ventilation grates for the subway system show that solutions can be functional and attractive. This research has provided the U.S. government with base knowledge on how we must design our lives around environmental issues such as climate change in order to avoid social and

Data obtained by assessing social vulnerability must be implemented within each phase of the emergency management process; mitigation, response, and recovery. First, to effectively respond and recover from incidents emergency management agencies must concentrate on the mitigation phase to prevent incidents from happening in the first place. This is achieved through a thorough hazard/vulnerability analysis (HVA). This type of analysis assesses the risk of physical, economic, and social vulnerability within all communities of a given jurisdiction (Lindell et al., 2006, p. 165). Additionally, the basis of the HVA allows emergency managers to effectively plan for disaster by creating pre-planned responses to disasters (rather than improvised response) and staging resources to locations with the highest probability of risk; ultimately contributing to the mitigation and response phases.

Flooding is a natural cause that happens when too much rain water overflows rivers and marshes, but floods become a problem when they affect people who live around the area. This is what causes it to be a natural disaster. In this paper, I am going to talk first about the flooding in Somerset, UK. Second, I am going to talk about the flooding of the Mississippi in 1993. Finally, I will conclude with how both of these floods could have been prevented and how they could help prevent a flood in the future, along with my own opinion of what I have learned.

Commercial insurance plays a major role mitigating the effects of a disaster but does not solve the problem. If a larger disaster occurs a minute detail could lead to an insurance company refusing to pay for any damage. Due to large increases of insurance claims in natural disasters a lot of attention has been placed on this issue by the government placing economic strain. Also higher premiums are a typical result. Insurance companies have also been reluctant to cover higher risk areas (e.g., flood prone environments and flood insurance). Due to the large amount of issues with commercial insurance, the government has created its own disaster/insurance fund to help pay for floods. This would qualify only newer houses with disaster preparedness qualities for state insurance. Structural preparedness has, in the recent years, been more reliant on the individual. Therefore flood plain management, structural

Due to diverse geo-climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, and volcanoes etc may strike according to the vulnerability of the area.

As the Marxist approach puts it, “underlying states of human marginalisation are conceived as the principle cause of disaster.” (Pelling, 2001, p. 179). This resource exclusion to particular categories of people within society creates their vulnerability to risk, and in turn disaster. McLaughlin and Dietz (2007) suggest there are three dimensions that make up vulnerability including exposure, sensitivity and resilience. An example displaying the vulnerability of lower classed social categories is in North Bihar, India, where floods have been managed through engineering works to create embankments. While the Government appears to be reducing the hazard, this has increased the vulnerability of the local people. Soil fertility has decreased reducing agricultural success, dangerous flash floods are occurring due to embankment walls collapsing and communities have settled on apparently safe embankments and are now highly exposed (Pelling, 2001). The natural flood hazard was dangerous, but these works by society have created a natural disaster (Pelling, 2001). Power inequalities have created this disastrous situation where lower classes are at high exposure to floods due to profit hungry management bodies. This technological approach is clearly failing but the Government and other managing groups make large profits off flood engineering works and have the power to decide how to control the issue (Pelling, 2001). This has resulted in creating