Ad-Lib Group Study

In the scientific method lab, I explored the different food options for mice in order to find the best one that will help them gain weight. To succeed in this lab, I needed to examine several types of foods including fruits, raw meat, cooked and uncooked foods. In this experiment I used cooked macaroni as a positive control and for the negative control I didn’t feed the mice any food, only water. The main objective of this study was to determine the best solution that will help me understand the metabolism of mice. All mice used in this study were given the same resources, but the only difference was the different types of foods fed to the mice to understand the changes of weight gain or loss between the mice.

In the U.S. alone, 34.9% of adults are obese (1) and over 100 million Americans are dieters who make 4-5 dieting attempts per year (2). To meet the demand for effective, sustainable weight loss methods, a plethora of weight loss approaches (e.g. “fad diets”, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery) are constantly emerging on the market. One weight loss theory that has received particular attention is increased meal or eating frequency. Increased MF refers to any eating pattern where 3 meals (m) plus one or more snacks (s) are consumed per day.

Rather, the calorie restricted monkeys were simply ingesting less of the unhealthy diet (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Additionally, the control group was not limited in their diet in the WNPRC monkeys and therefore ate more, while NIA monkeys were given a controlled amount of food (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Calories are not necessary equivalent and the type of calorie makes a difference in the health of the test subjects (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Another difference between the WNPRC and NIA studies was the ingestion of 28.5% and 3.9% sucrose, respectively; a marked difference between the two research groups (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). There was also a difference in the genetics of each study’s test subjects (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). The NIA monkeys were from both China and India, and th e WNPRC monkeys were solely from India (Maxmen, 2012, p.569). Molecular effects are also a factor that complicates the ability to compare the findings between the two studies (Maxmen, 2012,

Moran, L.J, Z. Sui, C. Cramp, and J. Dodd. "A Decrease in Diet Quality Occurs During

Fat mass was significantly less in the TRF groups when compared to the ad-lib groups, which suggests that TRF may be beneficial in reducing fat mass. The studies on lean mass were too limited to draw a conclusion.

When offered palatable high-fat and high-sugar foods, in addition to chow, animals become hyperphagic66,67. Sated rats will still work for highly palatable fat and sugar26 suggesting that hyperphagia induced by palatable diets is likely the result of the hedonic properties of food and likely involves the mesolimbic DA system68-71. The melanocortin system appears to also be involved in the regulation of the response to high caloric density diets as POMC, MC3R, and MC4R null mice increase food intake and gain weight on high fat diet41,42,72. It is unknown, however, whether the melanocortin system interacts with the mesolimbic system to regulate behavioral responses to energy dense food. The goal of this experiment will be to determine if VTA MC3R knockdown increases feeding and weight gain in animals given unrestricted access to appetizing food. It has been suggested that melanocortins preferentially affect intake and motivation for fat73-76, although the effects on sugar intake and responding in self administration protocol have also been reported10,77. In these experiments, we will use macronutrient partitioned high fat high sugar (HFHS) diet which will allow for examination of the effects of VTA MCR knockdown on total intake as well as the intake of each dietary component. The use of this type of diet is advantageous because it allows for easy and reliable

Knowing the group purpose is important when doing group work. You are in a group for a reason and defining the purpose of the group straight on will help keep it on the right path. Group purpose can help prevent distraction that may rise when working in groups. Having a group purpose will typically provide directions on what they group is supposed to be doing, information they should be finding, or topics that need to be addressed. Creating a group purpose will lead different mission statements. This will essentially help the group members understand what is they are supposed to do in the group. This leads me to my next point that ideas for groups can generate from a variety of places including group work, agency staff, members, and community generated. Purposes and ideas such from these sources can clarify some of the purpose of groups.

The Western diet commonly consumed in the United States, also known as the Standard American Diet (SAD), includes the excess

obesity is associated with disruption in lipid and sugar metabolism, and is a essential purpose of continual illnesses, particularly cardiovascular sicknesses, hypertension, atherosclerosis and type II diabetes mellitus. This makes obesity a primary health trouble, which has reached pandemic proportions. The remedy for weight problems is life-style exchange, which includes food regimen restriction and exercising. however, pharmacological treatment is regularly vital. Isoflavones are of specific interest as an opportunity to statins or fibrates in ability lowering of serum lipid levels. Anderson et al. (1995) published a meta-evaluation that attracted tremendous attention, demonstrating that consumption of as

Studies in animals have also suggested that obesity has a genetic component. Several ‘mono-genetic’ and ‘poli-genetic’ models of obesity are based on animals. These models are used to stimulate what happens when some chemicals are not produced (like leptin in the ‘ob-ob’ mouse), or when some receptors (like leptin receptors) are reduced or malfunctioning. The set-point theory (Kennedy 1953: Nisbett, 1972) states that after dieting to reduce body weight, an animal eats more and is less dependent on short term satiety signals. Fifty-three percent of adult dogs and fifty-five percent of cats considered overweight or obese by their veterinarian, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association.After over-feeding to increase body weight,

Many theories have been tested in animal models and obeservations to actual patients that have lead to different approaches.

Not only has the ‘hot fat’ had a positive impact on the mice’s metabolism and health, but it also helps to produce heat. This is evident in a thermograph when viewing a place with no implant in the mice and the ‘hot fat’ implant on the opposite side, the latter having a warmer temperature than the former.

The results of the comparison between the three protocols (training fasted, training carbohydrate rich breakfast, training fat rich breakfast) showed that RER was significantly higher after consuming a breakfast (carbohydrate breakfast0.88±0.03; fat breakfast 0.76±0.04) when compared to the fasted state (0.81±.02), this can be explained because of an increase of carbohydrate utilization after consuming food. An expected outcome from the study proved that RER was increased by food intake, suggesting a shift of substrate utilization from lipids to carbohydrate (Paoli et al., 2011; Keogh et al., 2007). The RER was highest when consuming a carbohydrate breakfast and lowest when in the fasted state. This was expected as the participants were using more carbohydrates as an energy source proving that training when fasted

Also, a greater proportion of subjects in the high-protein group lost between 5-10% of their initial body weight than in the standard protein group. Moreover, the high-protein group subjects lost more abdominal fat and had greater decreases in their systolic blood pressure. While both groups showed improvements in other markers of Metabolic Syndrome, any differences in these aspects were not significant.

After every rat’s individual body weight was measured, the animals were randomly distributed to five independent experimental groups; each consisting of intervals of 16-hour, 24-hour, 48-hour of food deprivation, 4 days of fixed-time feeding, or ad libitum (self-regulated) feeding.