Adaptive Immune System Vs Innate Defense

The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections. Lymph cells (called lymphocytes) are the main type of cell in the adaptive immune system. There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they change into plasma cells. The plasma cells are found mainly in the bone marrow—the soft, inner part of some bones. The plasma cells

“Humoral immunity is a type of immune response that depends on antibodies.” The response begins when a pathogen binds to a B cell. The B cell will engulf the pathogen and display a part of the antigen on its exterior. Once a T cell is exposed to the antigen-presenting B cell, the T cell will release proteins to activate the B cell. Now that the B cell is activated, it will produce antibodies to cause the pathogens to clump together. In the last stage of humoral immunity, phagocytes will engulf and destroy the pathogens.

a. This function is mediated by T cells and B cells (memory cells) in our body via adaptive immunity. The adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory, where each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antigen. The adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells. The ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by memory cells. Should a pathogen infect the body more than once, these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it. So basically killer T cells will identify antigens present on foreign cells. These antigens are not found in any of the cells inside our body. Therefore, T cells will identify them and kill them.

The innate immune system is your body’s first line of defense against foreign pathogens. It consists of both physical and chemical barriers. Foreign pathogens that are found in the body have patterns on them that allow the body’s immune cells to identify it. These are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The host cells use special receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize PAMPs. With the pathogen identified, it can be tagged for Phagocytosis. The pathogen becomes attached to membrane evagination called pseudopodia. The pathogen is then ingested into the host’s immune cell, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then binds with a lysosome. The pathogen is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes and the

Adaptive immunity is highly specific and reponds differently to different microbes. It is also known as acquired immunity and it comes into play if innate immunity is not able to defeat pathogens on its own. Adaptive immunity recognizes large pallete of microbial and nonmicrobial substances. Not only does innate immunity distinguish between fine differences in microorganisms' structure, but it also has a memory - the ability to respond more vigorously to a particular pathogen with each successive exposure. Main components of adaptive immunity are lymphocytes and antibodies. The reason why adaptive immunity is much more specific is because receptors on cells of adaptive immunity are produced by somatic recombination of gene segments, while

The immune system is constituted by two major subdivisions: the innate or non-specific immune system and the adaptive or specific immune system. Both major subdivisions of the immune system possess cellular and humoral characteristics by which they carry out their protective task. Even though these two arms of the immune system have distinct functions, they interact between each other (i.e., components of the innate immune system influence the adaptive immune system and vice versa) (Cruvinel et al., 2010; http://www.microbiologybook.org/ghaffar/innate.htm).

The immune system includes innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense to rapidly and nonspecifically respond to foreign pathogens. The adaptive or acquired immune system, however, responds to pathogens to create a long-term immunological memory. As a result, the adaptive immune system can initiate a heightened response to subsequent exposures to the same pathogen and provide a protective immunity. Leukocytes can be classified as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells, monocytes/macrophages, and

Although the innate and adaptive immune systems both function to protect against invading organisms, they differ in a number of ways. The adaptive immune system requires some time to react to an invading organism, whereas the innate immune system includes defenses that, for the most part, are constitutively present and ready to be mobilized upon infection. Second, the adaptive immune system is antigen specific and reacts only with the organism that induced the response. In contrast, the innate system is not antigen specific and reacts equally well to a variety of organisms. Finally, the adaptive immune system demonstrates immunological memory. It “remembers” that it has encountered an invading organism and reacts more rapidly on subsequent

This response begins with the activation of T-cells, CD4+ T-helper (TH) cells, CD8+

The immune response is made up of first, second, and third line defenses. The first two defenses are considered innate responses. These responses are non-specific and typically in place at birth. The first line of defense against pathogens includes the skin and mucous membranes. If a pathogen makes it past these defenses the second and third line of defense step in. The second line of defense includes phagocytes, fever, natural killer cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins. In many cases these first two layers of innate defense are enough to ward off infection.

T cells coordinate the body’s immune response and attack infected cells. They originate from bone marrow and populate the thymus gland. There are two types of T cells, helper T cells and killer T cells. Helper T cells are activated by macrophages. Some T cells activate B cells which make and release antibodies. Some activate Killer T cells which kill infected body

When the innate system isn’t enough to protect our bodies from foreign substances, the adaptive system  is our second and best resort. The adaptive system is a system that is specifically suited to detect harmful antigens which are any foreign or harmful substances. Viruses and bacteria will trigger an immunological response when recognized and the adaptive system gets to work. Unlike our innate system which is there from birth, the adaptive system develops over time. This type of system works by using cells that are lymphocytes. The lymphocytes consists of two types of cells which are T-Cells and B-Cells. Both cells are produced in bone marrow and each lymphocyte has about a hundred receptors on its surface which recognize specific chemical

The human immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that evolved to fight off infectious microbes. Much of the immune system’s work is carried out by an army of various specialized cells, each type designed to fight disease in a particular way. The invading microbes first run into the vanguard of this army, which includes white blood cells called macrophages (literally, "big eaters"). The macrophages engulf as many of the microbes as they can. ANTIGENS SOUND THE ALARM How do the macrophages recognize the microbes? All cells and microbes wear a "uniform" made up of molecules that cover their surfaces. Each human cell displays unique marker molecules unique to you. Microbes display different marker molecules unique to them. The macrophages

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, which are an important part of the immune system. Lymphocytes can defend the body against infection because they can distinguish the body’s own cells from foreign ones. Once they recognize foreign material in the body, they produce chemicals to destroy that material. Two types of lymphocyte are produced in the bone marrow before birth.

The immune system is comprised of two responses: the adaptive immune response and the innate immune response. The first line of defence against invading organisms is classified as the innate immune response and the second line of defence and protection against re- exposure to the same pathogen is known as the adaptive immune response.