Adaptive Immunity

The immune system depends on the body’s structures to help it function. For instance, the skin acts as the “body’s first line of defense.” If a pathogen finds a breach in the skin barrier, it is the circulatory system that must now signal the immune system of the invader. Shortly after, white blood cells will be notified of the infection and will target and destroy the pathogen.

The successful use of cadaver organs was made possible by the development of immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine. The practice of utilizing immunosuppressive drugs has led to a decrease of transplant failure-rejection of a new organ- by the recipient’s own immune system (Kaserman, 2007). As research continues to look for new ways to decrease organ rejection rates, the majority of recipients take immunosuppressive drugs and will need to do so indefinitely (Ehlers, 2002). Kaserman states that as the transplant industry grew, a need for guidelines became apparent and hence requested that Congress create a governing body (2007).

In order for transplants to be successful, there are steps that should be followed. From the beginning, the correct information should be given prior to

He claims “Xenotransplantation should still be given serious thought because of its potential to alleviate the organ shortage crisis and ultimately improve the human condition” (Sharma 25). However, Sharma also gives some insight as to why doctors should be cautious when taking Xeno to the next step. He states that “Violent immune responses have been known to occur in individuals where an incompatible organ has been placed in a host, with death being known to occur in a matter of hours”(27). Sharma’s statement raises thought of the possible risks associated with transplantation. One of the risks is hyper-acute rejection, where the recipient’s immune system quickly identifies the animal organ as a foreign entity and attacks it (27). Despite the risks being great, people considering xenotransplantation often have no other

Immunosuppressants are a class of drugs that suppress, or reduce, the strength of the body’s immune system. Some of these drugs are used to make the body less likely to reject a transplanted organ. Other immunosuppressant drugs are often used to treat autoimmune disorders. With an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body’s own tissue. Because immunosuppressant drugs weaken the immune system, they weaken this reaction. It helps reduce the impact on the body. Almost everyone who receives an organ transplant must take immunosuppressant drugs. This is because your immune system sees a transplanted organ as a threat. As a result your immune system attacks the organ as it would attack anything else. This can cause severe damage and lead to needing the organ removed. The drugs allow the transplanted organ to remain healthy and free from major damage. If you’re an organ recipient, even the slightest change from the medication regimen can trigger an organ rejection. All immunosuppressant drugs carry the serious risk of infection. It also means that any infections get will be harder to treat. (Immunosuppressant drugs,

The other challenge to transplanting organs is the body’s immune system rejecting the procedure because it is unnatural to it. The body’s immune system is set up to defend the body against any foreign disease-causing bacteria, viruses and or fungi. A procedure like this is alienated by the body at time because it

There are many cases of allogeneic organ transplants being susceptible to rejection by being attacked by the recipient's immune system. Growing an organ from human tissue in another species increases the chances of rejection and might lead to several other complications that have not yet been considered nor are fully understood.

Colvin, R. B., & R N., Smith. (2015, October). Antibody-mediated organ-allograft rejection : Article ... Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v5/n10/full/nri1702.html

Graft rejection: Type IV hypersensitivity. Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed hypersensitivity as the reaction takes more than 12 hours. It is mediated by T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells and does not involved antibodies. In graft rejection, the rejection is caused by foreign MHC antigens as the T cells responds to them by attacking the foreign MHC antigens when they are being recognized. Rejection also only takes place after a few hours to months and years depending on the type of

The Immune framework is a progression of complex procedures which has developed to shield the body from assault by remote pathogens. These pathogens can enter our body through the skin or covering of the inner organs. The invulnerable framework can shield us from intracellular and extracellular living beings and also from ourselves, halting malignancies and immune system illnesses from spreading in our bodies (Bastian, 1993). There are two lines of guard, the versatile (particular) and natural (non-particular insusceptibility), however both are united in their objective to annihilate pathogens they have distinctive approaches to handle this. Intrinsic resistance is the first line of protection while versatile insusceptibility is the 2nds line

Also, the matching between organ's cells and the patient fixes another serious problem that complicates even more transplant procedures: organ rejection.

Although the innate and adaptive immune systems both function to protect against invading organisms, they differ in a number of ways. The adaptive immune system requires some time to react to an invading organism, whereas the innate immune system includes defenses that, for the most part, are constitutively present and ready to be mobilized upon infection. Second, the adaptive immune system is antigen specific and reacts only with the organism that induced the response. In contrast, the innate system is not antigen specific and reacts equally well to a variety of organisms. Finally, the adaptive immune system demonstrates immunological memory. It “remembers” that it has encountered an invading organism and reacts more rapidly on subsequent

This model has facilitated the study of graft-versus-host (GVH) and host-versus-graft (HVG) responses through the performance of transplant from parental into F1 and F1 into parental respectively in addition to the study of the role of T cells (Sakamoto et al. 1987).

The body has two immune systems: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.

Innate immune responses are known as the non-specific manner which composes the cells and defend the host from infection by other organism by mechanism. The adaptive immunity represents the antigen-specific immune response. Compare to innate immune response, adaptive response is more complex. In adaptive response the antigen needs to be recognised and processed. The adaptive immune system creates immune