Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Case Study

HeLa cells have had a positive influence on medicine in many ways including with giving us knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and HPV18-positive. HeLa cells have been linked to changes in microRNA expression. Since HPV18 has been associated with very aggressive adenocarcinomas, this finding may explain why Dr. Gey was surprised by the prolific growth of HeLa cells in culture. Routine Papanicolaou smear screening may not detect rapidly progressive cervical carcinomas; the new HPV vaccine holds the promise of preventing these tumors. (Hutchins).

HPV stands for genital human papillomavirus. It is a sexually transmitted virus and according to the Centers For Disease Control (CDC), “More than half of sexually active men and women (in the United States) are infected with HPV at some time in their lives.” (CDC) The National Cancer Institute says there are more than 200 types of HPVs. (Institute) At least 12 of those HPVs cause certain types of cancer, like vaginal and cervical, and genital warts. If you have an HPV virus it usually goes away on its own, and doesn’t have any symptoms. But if it doesn’t go away experts say it is responsible for many of the 10,000 yearly cases of cervical cancer, causing 4000 deaths each year. (CDC)

HPV stands for the human palliloma virus. It is estimated that there are around 100 different types of HPV. The HPV virus can cause lesions to develop on the soft palate, tonsils and tongue. It can also increase the risk of certain forms of cancer, including oral cancer and cervical cancer.

What is HPV ? HPV is an acronym for Human Papillomaviruses , which is a group of over 150 different viruses . It is a sexually transmitted disease , that affects about 14 million people annually , usually people who are 20 - 25 . Where about 39,800 of those people have developed HPV associated cancers . HPV does not show specific signs or symptoms , making it easier for people to infect each other ( because they are unaware ) as well as making it harder to treat before it is too late . HPV causes genital warts and cancers such as cervix , vulva , vagina , anus , penis , rectum , and oropharynx ( cancers of the back of the throat , base of the tongue and tonsils ) .

From 1998 to 2003, the incidence rates for HPV-associated cancers of the tonsils and tongue increased 3.0% per year, while non-HPV cancers of the mouth and throat decreased during this time (Ramqvist and Dalianis, 2010).

Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly relatable. What is pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatments of this ailment? You might ask will be covered in the next few pages of this paper.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is made up of double stranded DNA with a capsid. Their viral genome is consisting of such as early (E) gene like E6 and E7encodes for oncoproteins and late (L) gene such as L1 and L2 encodes for structural proteins like capids. There are more than 100 different types of HPV identified and they generally infect around cutaneous or mucosal areas. HPV viral genome can be categorized into low risk (LR) and high risk (HR). High risk types such as HPV-16 and -18 are ones that can develop into cancer and other tumors mostly in genital area or a head and neck squamous cell. Low risk types such as HPV-6 and -11 are more frequently found I larynx or genital area (Klozar et al., 2010). Therefore, careful evaluation such as risk factors, or possibly a new vaccination to prevent against HPV related to oropharyngeal SCC should be questioned in public health

Enlarged adenoids are when your adenoids are larger than normal. Your adenoids are in the back of your nose and are part of your body’s natural defense (immune) system.

Cervical cancer is a typically slow-growing type of gynecologic carcinogenesis caused predominantly by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly the high-risk genotypes HPV-16 and HPV-18.3 Cervical cancer typically originates in the transformation zone of the cervix, where there is a junction of ectocervix and endocervix. The most common type of cervical carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma and makes up 70-80% of cervical cancers. This type of cervical cancer occurs in the squamous cells of the ectocervix. The second most common type is an adenocarcinoma, occurring in glandular cells of the endocervix, and makes up 10-15% of cervical cancers. Cervical cancers can also be a mixture of dysplastic squamous cells and glandular cells; this type of carcinoma is termed adenosquamous carcinoma and makes up 1-2% of cervical cancers. The final type of cervical cancer is associated with HPV-6 rather than HPV-16 or HPV-18. It is termed verrucous squamous carcinoma and is very rare.5, 6

Throughout the paper author Mark E. Molitch, a medical doctor, discusses the formation of pituitary tumors and the impact they have on the body. He describes how these adenomas form, what symptoms they cause, how they are diagnosed, and how they are treated. In the paper he addresses specific tumors such as Prolactinoma, which encompasses around half of all pituitary adenomas and causes an elevation in prolactin levels, as well as Acromegaly, a growth hormone secreting tumor, and Cushing disease which causes the overproduction of cortisol.

Notwithstanding, cancer with high-risk HPV does not ensure a patient will create cervical tumor as most infection clear inside 1-year and a half, and there have been exceptionally uncommon occasions where ladies have created cervical tumors that are HPV-negative (Avrich et al., 2006). Cervical tumors can be resistant to usual courses of chemotherapy and those patients who do react positively to chemotherapy have cancer that can repeat (Alexander et al., 2005; Dreyer et al., 2005; Lindeque, 2005; Tewari and Monk, 2005).

Human Papillomavirus is a broad term used to describe over one hundred and fifty related viruses. The Human Papillomavirus, better known as HPV is named for the warts (papillomas) that become present on the skin of an HPV victim. HPV is transmitted via intamainte skin-to-skin contact. Each year a small number of cases of HPV go unknown because no symptoms are present or the body fights away the virus. Other cases that do not go away commonly are expressed in genital warts and cancers. Some cancers commonly developed from HPV are cervical, vaginal, anus, back of the throat, tonsil and tongue cancers (What). In recent years researchers,

Human papillomavirus is a virus that can cause warts, or as the name suggests papilloma, along with some types of cancers. Papillomas are benign tumors that in this case are caused by the human papillomavirus. Human papillomavirus is a group of over a hundred viruses with at least fifteen that are a high risk for causing cancer. HPV is usually passed from person to person during sexual intercourse, though it usually is addressed as a virus that can be passed via skin-to-skin contact. Human papillomavirus has been linked to cancers of the reproductive system, along with the head and neck. Cervical cancer is probably the most well known cancer that comes from certain strains of HPV. The strains of HPV that cause cervical cancer first start off as cervical dysplasia and may develop into cancer, but doesn’t always. Cervical dysplasia is the abnormal change to ones’

Salivary gland tumors are a morphologically diverse group of neoplasms, which may present considerable diagnostic and management challenges for the pathologist and surgeon. Salivary gland tumors are rare with an overall incidence in the western world of about 2.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 per year. About 80% of all lesions are benign; hence salivary malignancies are particularly rare, comprising less than 0.5% of all malignancies and about 5% of cancers in the head and neck. (1)

At a molecular level, HPV-positive squamous cell carcinoma less frequently harbours gross chromosomal deletions than HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma, and has a unique molecular signature characterized by overexpression of the tumour suppressor protein (p16) and infrequent TP53 mutations or EGFR amplification, these molecular markers (p16) overexpression is of particular importance as it has emerged as robust surrogate biomarker of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell