Adenosis

Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)

neck, under arms, or inner thighs. Eventually these lumps would ooze pus and blood, signaling internal

This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of breast cancer by examining the functions and to enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of female human breast. The author also attempts a better understanding of some of the different types of human breast cancer namely: ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. It is hoped that this paper will inform those who do not have the understanding and knowledge about the risk factors, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of the breast cancer.

Castleman 's disease can also be divided into more categories, which are defined by a number of anatomic body regions affected by the disease. Unicentric Castleman 's disease affects lymph nodes in only one part of the body, while multicentric Castleman 's disease affects multiple parts of the body (Castleman 's Disease). A person can have any combination of the microscopic and anatomic variants; therefore, there are four possibilities: unicentric hyaline vascular, unicentric plasma cell variant, multicentric hyaline vascular variant, and multicentric plasma cell variant (Stöppler, M. M).

Fortunately, this is where mammograms help out. A Mammogram is an X-ray of the breast which helps to detect any bumps or lumps that present on women’s breasts, which can be an early sign of breast cancer. Mammograms take an image of all of the breast tissue, which allows a radiologist to detect abnormalities on the mammogram. Such detection doesn’t guarantee to cure the patient if she is in an advanced stage of cancer, but it may help reduce the number of deaths from breast cancer for women ages 40 to 69, especially for those over age 50. There are normally two types of mammograms: digital and conventional (film). Digital mammography stores the image directly into a computer whereas conventional (film) mammography produces the image on film. Digital mammography is preferable compared to conventional mammography as health care providers are able to share images globally and patients are exposed to lower doses of radiation.

muscle or skin then leave well alone. Most often these lumps are muscle spasms or fatty tissue. An

The lesions that form first as spots on the skin. The lesions are usually purple, red, or brown. They can be flat and not raised which is called patches. The lesions can be flat but slightly raised called plaques. The lesions of Kaposi sarcoma can also be bumps called nodules. The lesions can appear in almost any area but are more common on the legs, groin area, or face. Lesions can also develop on mucous membranes such as in the mouth, throat, eyes, in the lungs, or in the digestive tract. (Chang, 2014) Diagnosing Kaposi sarcoma involves many tests. First you will have a complete medical history assessment and physical exam. If Kaposi sarcoma is suspected the doctor will then order a biopsy of the lesions present. A chest x-ray will be ordered to visualize the lungs to check for lesions in the lungs. A bronchoscopy will allow the doctor to look into the windpipe and large air ways of the lungs to check for lesions. There will also be some gastrointestinal endoscopy ordered to visualize the digestive tract to see if any lesions are present. (Chang,

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor in the glandular tissues of the breast. Such tumors, also called carcinomas, form when the chemical processes that control normal cell growth break down, enabling a single abnormal cell to multiply at a rapid rate (Hickman). Carcinomas,

Six months later, PET CT showed Subcarinal and subaortic lymph nodes with a maxim SUV of 2.53 and 3.3 respectively. Subcarinal adenopathy biopsy was performed with a result of sarcoid reaction.

Their analysis showed out of 240 cases 93.67% cases were non neoplastic 8.62% cases were neoplastic lesions and malignant lesions were

Throughout the years, geneticists have made ground breaking discoveries, in regards to thousands of inherited diseases. They have identified numerous mutations within the human genome that have given rise to treatments and cures for multiple genetic diseases, one of which is Familial Adenomatous Polyposis, also known as FAP. According to Half, Brocovich, and Rozen (2009)1, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is characterized by the development of many tens of thousands adenomas in the rectum and colon during the second decade of life. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease, which is the reason why there is a relatively equal occurrence rate in males and females. FAP results from a germline mutation in the adenomatous

Fibrous Dysplasia is classified by three types: “Chinese Writing”, Pagetoid and Hypercellular FD. “Chinese Writing” FD is characterized by irregular connective tissue, which resemble Chinese characters, and sharpey fibers (collagen fibers that lay perpendicular to the surface of the bone). Pagetoid FD is characterized by dense sclerotic trabecular bone and sharpey fibers. Hypercellular FD is characterized by a significantly larger amount of bone, similar to the indications of pagetoid FD, with markedly ordered, often parallel, pattern of orientation of the present bone trabeculae. Another form of classification for fibrous dysplasia is by its spread within the body. Monostatic FD is when the disease is still isolated to one bone/bone region, and seventy percent of those diagnosed have this type. Polyostatic refers to FD having been spread to multiple sites within the body. Albright-Mccune-Sternberg syndrome occurs when there are multiple sites of infection along with hyperpigmentation of skin and dysfunction of the endocrine system. Mazabraud syndrome is when there are multiple sites of infection involving the appendicular. All forms of the disorder typically show a bone that is more radiolucent, and has a “ground glass appearance”. (Toles,

C-ALCL is made up of large cells with an anaplastic, pleomorphic or immunoblastic cytomorphology that express the CD30 antigen in more than 75% of the tumor cells 1. The diagnosis of C-ALCL must be carefully examined if prior diagnosis of MF was made in the same patient, as it may be considered a transformation of MF to the tumour stage which may be CD30 positive or negative 1, 4.

For diagnosis, usually MRI was done to confirm it. A plain X-ray may be normal or rarely makes the lesion within soft tissues visible as shading with calcifications inside and ultrasound finding is not specific enough and it does not enable diagnosis. CT scan may show a well limited mass with absorption density contained between the muscle and water. But for precise examination enable diagnosis, MRI is preferred.

Clustered calcifications are not always suggestive of malignancy, they may also represent benign conditions such as papillomatosis, fat necrosis, adenosis or tiny fibro adenomas (Fig. 4.6). (Evans et al., 2004).