Human Rights And International Law

As Cohen (2009) stated, harmonization can happen in a variety of ways, ranging from the decisions of individual states to reform their own legal structures to conform to a common standard to the adoption of a multilateral treaty in which states commit themselves to adopt a common legal model. (Leebron, 1996) This can be seen in some countries who have adapted different ways of reforming their own model while it can also be seen in regional areas mainly the European Union (EU) while the Association of Southeast nations (ASEAN) have just adopted it last year.

human rights.21 While opponents of international law argue that it is all “mere window dressing.”22 According to Hathaway, States ratify treaties symbolically to show other States that they accept the principles of human rights but they rarely change their practices because of their obligations in the treaty.23 Based on a study of the ICCPR, Linda Keith argued that, “it may be overly optimistic to expect that being a party to this international covenant will produce an observable direct impact”. 24These findings raise the question as to whether human rights law regime is at all effective in protecting individual human rights. Whether the lack of adherence to human rights obligations indicates

Beginning in the 1970’s the CAF expanded the roles of women in the force, especially after the introduction of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. The CAF proudly boasts 14.8% of those working for the force are women (Statistics Canada, 2016). However, 1.7% (960 force members) reported being victims of sexual assault in 2016 alone. Additionally, of these 960 cases, 1/4 reported the assault to a supervisor and 1/10 reported to the military police (Statistics Canada, 2016). This suggests there is a barrier preventing men and women alike from reporting their assault.

The human rights norms envelop a broad range of aspects of human existence which are regarded as imperative for living life in security, dignity, happiness and accomplishment. Several of these norms pertain to the liberty of a person to act as he desires so long as such actions do not impinge upon the rights and freedoms of others. These freedom related rights are commonly referred to as civil and political rights including freedom of speech and religion, the right to fair trial, and the right to be free from torture and arbitrary arrest amongst others. Then there are other rights which pertain to conditions necessary to meet basic human needs, such as food, shelter, education, health care, and employment. The latter are referred to as social

The dispute over Pedra Branca between Singapore and Malaysia originated on 21 December 1979 when Malaysia published it’s Map Showing the Territorial Waters and Continental Shelf Borders and for the first time included Pedra Branca within her territorial waters. In a response to the 1979 map, Singapore lodged a protest against it on 15 February 1980, rejecting Malaysia’s claim and requesting it to recognise Singapore’s sovereignty over Pedra Branca. The note also reiterated that no country has ever questioned or contested Singapore’s sovereignty over the island. Since then, there have been a series of bilateral exchanges, in the hope of solving the problem of ownership of Pedra Branca. After failing to

However, realism provides that the islands allow China to threaten other nations, due to it’s extensive reach across the South East Asian world. Realism provides a stronger ideology of these disputes, since the nations, Vietnam and China, lived in peace before the 1960s, however this is because they both assumed the islands were under their jurisdiction. Ironically, the Nansha Islands, have been ‘claimed’ by multiple nations, making the right of sovereign of this territory ambiguous. The geographical location of the Islands makes it difficult to determine in which countries border it falls into, since Vietnam, Cambodia, Brunei, Malaysia, China, Taiwan, Thailand and Indonesia all have a shoreline with the territory. A liberalistic approach to understand that the island are under Taiwan jurisdiction geographically are ignored by the realist nature of China’s suborn claim, exhibiting that the realistic ideology is vastly unhelp in this matter. In 2009 China made a claim for the SCS, on the basis of their historical link with the land through the nine-dash line map, since their ancestors used the territory for fishing and navy. A liberalistic approach of was taken by the ASEAN, as they stepped in to resolve the dispute according to international law. However, realism provides that this dispute will continue due to China’s thirst for

Having grown up in a developing country, and having lived in multiple countries as an immigrant and a visible minority, I have seen and experienced varying degrees of inequality first hand. My experiences as an immigrant and visible minority have transformed me into an advocate of social justice and made me keenly aware of the complex issues facing immigrants. These experiences have given me the desire to pursue a legal education, with a career goal of becoming a lawyer specializing in labor and international law. I intend to utilize the knowledge gained in helping new immigrants in my adopted country, Canada, gain a foothold in the Canadian job market.

Human rights are universal rights that we are entitled to. It is a freedom that is guaranteed based on the principle of respect for an individual. As mentioned in the preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, human rights are a “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all member of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world” (Kent, page 80). When asked what our rights are, we tend to get different answers and meanings. Some people recite the rights that they know; but let’s face it, not everyone knows all of the rights that they truly have. The rights we have consist of many things such as the right of having an adequate food supply. The right to

Economic and political tensions are rising in the South China Sea, part of the Pacific Ocean stretching from Singapore to the Philippines to South East Asia. Recently, countries including the various Southeast Asian countries as well as China claimed territory in the South China Sea. As countries become increasingly intimidated by these new claims, the United States is stepping in, which only causes tensions to increase. Now the South China Sea is a battleground for the resources it holds, and one who studies Chinese history and its interactions with the west can see the reasons why China is compelled to claim territory, and why the West, specifically the United States, feels threatened by these claims.

The human rights system has been created by both top-down and bottom-up dynamics, by the relationship between the global and the local. Discuss.

The ideas of individual liberty and natural rights has changed America over the past two-hundred years through providing individualism to different laws and concepts that we in America are using today. America was impacted by individual freedom from John Locke’s proposition of “life, liberty, and property” which served as the foundation for the idea that citizens have basic rights just for being human. From John Locke’s ideas and theories, Thomas Jefferson was inspired to write the Declaration of Independence to declare freedom from the control of Britain which made America it’s own free country. However, not every American receives natural rights in America such as immigrants and slaves. These people weren’t granted equal rights or natural rights until later on in American history when certain laws were passed.

humanity and human life . Human Rights and Humanitarian Law both entail obligations and rights to be fulfilled. Obligations lies on the part of state to protect human rights and to make sure human rights are not violated under international law. State has this obligation to protect, respect and fulfill human rights which means that state must desist from being intrusive and curbing the absolute delight of human rights, second of obligation of state is to protect human rights and it leads to the fact that everyone needs to be either individuals or groups protected from any kind of violations and abuse of human rights. State is obliged to make sure the protection and respect of human rights. Third obligation towards state is to fulfill which means that state is obliged in terms of taking positive action to facilitate the enjoyment of human rights.

x. Government –funded inventions should be priced at a reasonable term as Bayh-Dole Act stated in which case is not followed.

In adherence to the norms and customs, Malaysia will always cling to peaceful resolutions. Malaysia 's National Defense Policy (2010) stressed out that any conflicts which might occur in SCS could result in an interventions by major external powers, and this will complicate the situations. Malaysia acknowledges the importance of ASEAN-led process in addressing conflicts in the SCS. ASEAN member states and China signed the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the SCS (DOC) in 2002. The deceleration regularized that the signatory states will oblige to enhance and develop a mechanism to promote friendship and harmony situation in the SCS (Permal, 2016). It 's also supposed to include a conclusion of a formal and binding a Code of Conduct in the SCS (COC) which still pending until

Buendia, focuses on the concept of the right to self determination as applied to the case of the of the Bangsa Moro. It argued that by nature the state protects its territory and it is very unlikely that the state will grant credence to the right to self determination or simply speaking autonomy. Territory is an element of the state that is rarely given. As seen from the lessons of history, a state seeks to protect the least and expand the most and never to give away territory.