Adipogenesis And Nutrition

Genetic research of obesity was partly successful in establishing obesity in model organisms – rodents where obesity occurs spontaneously together with other pathological aspects (insulin resistance, …). The main cause of monogenic obesity in these model organisms are common mutations always present in only one gene. Results of research on model organisms allowed us to understand biological mechanisms of calorie intake and regulation and maintenance of body weight. The most important insight into obesity was achieved in 1994 after discovery of ob gene encoding for leptin. In two years period, using screening method, candidate homologous genes, selected on genetic study basis on mice, another five genes were identified. Mutations on these genes were found to be the cause of autosomal recessive or dominant monogenic obesity. Products of these genes are leptin and its receptor, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) and

glycogen 5. differentiation 6. phenylalanine 7. glycogen 8. steroid 9. fatty acid 10.

In wild type mouse there is no effect on food intake, body weight and blood glucose though we give more leptin because here the leptin receptors are constant. But, in ob/ob mouse the food intake, body weight and blood glucose levels are decrease because the presence of leptin receptor. However, in the db/db mouse there is no effect due to the absence of the leptin

Environment factors, including sedentary lifestyles, high energy intake and social aspects enhance the risk for obesity. A recently published evaluation of the Framingham Study provides an interesting alternative explanation for the worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity, by demonstrating that the chance of a person to become obese is significantly higher when a friend, sibling or spouse are obese (Christakis and Fowler, 2007). Thus the social net work could be a relevant factor in the obesity epidemic.

On a molecular level, fat tissue is normally the largest organ in humans and is involved in mechanisms and pathways that deal with longevity. Fat tissue is not only involved in energy storage but is also important in immune and endocrine function, thermoregulation, mechanical protection, and tissue regeneration (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Adipose tissue is able to protect against infection and trauma. It is also able to produce and activate hormones, including IL-6, IGF-1, and glucocorticoids, as well as prevent heat loss (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Throughout life, changes in fat distribution and function is constantly occurring and in older individuals, these changes correspond to a number of health disorders like hypertension, cancers, cognitive dysfunction, and diseases like diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes, as previously noted (Tchkonia et al., 2010). As people age, their body composition increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass, regardless of their body weight or BMI (Dorner and Rieder, 2011).

forces the body to dip into its reserve energy stores. In removing fat, however, essential fatty

“ 1. Adipokines are hormones produced by adipose tissue. /…/ Adipokines have effects not only on tissues but [also] on the hypothalamic and pancreatic function. /…/ 2. Elevated serum free fatty acids and high intracellular deposits of triglycerides and cholesterol. These lead to metabolic overload with interfere of insulin signaling and a decrease in tissue response to insulin. 3. Obesity causes release of inflammatory cytokines. /…/ These play an important role in the genesis of a fatty liver [which impairs the function]. 4.

Insulin resistance is directly linked to insulin signaling in target tissues, including skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study is to determine if acylcarnitines undergo muscle insulin resistance. This research establishes a connection between incomplete β-oxidation of muscle fatty acids to development of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. C2C12 cells, primary mice muscle and human myotubes were isolated to test insulin, inflammatory and antioxidant response. Acylcarnitine treatment led to 20-30% decrease in insulin response in C2C12 cell cultures. Oxidative stress tripled by short and long chain acylcarnitines but reversed with antioxidant treatment. β-oxidation of fatty acids was significantly lower in insulin

The addition of ADMA reduced NOx and increased H202 levels (p<0.001) in HBECs. Treatment with L-citrulline (800µM, 1600 µM) rescued NOx when the L-arginine media concentration was low (25 µM) but failed to do so with higher concentrations (100 µM). Under reduced L-arginine media conditions, HBECs treated with L-citrulline increased expression of argininosuccinate, an enzyme that metabolizes this amino acid into L-arginine. L-citrulline prevented ADMA-mediated increases in nitrotyrosine and its supplementation increased the sputum L-arginine and L-arginine/ADMA ratios in obese

And has been positively  correlated with visceral obesity and large prostrate tumors [4].  Studies have shown that leptin promotes the proliferation of androgen‐independent prostate  cancer cell lines. It has also been shown to promote vascular endothelial cell proliferation in vitro  and angiogenesis in vivo, processes that are crucial to allow cancer progression. Also, it has been  positively correlated with increased prostrate cancer cell migration (implying invasion and  metastasis) [5].  Mechanism of action ‐ The proliferative response of prostate cancer cells to leptin has been shown  to involve intracellular signalling molecules such as phosphatidyl‐inositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) and c‐Jun  NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK). [10]  o Interleukin‐6 – one third of the circulating level secretion of IL‐6 is from adipose tissue. It is directly  proportional to visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Its normal role being in modulation of  immune response and cell‐functions – it is basically a growth inhibitor. However, recently it has  been shown to undergo a transition in its role from growth inhibitor associated with  neuroendocrine differentiation to stimulator accompanied by androgen receptor activation in  prostrate cancer progression [6].  Prostrate cancer cultures have been shown to secrete high levels of IL‐6, and it is believed that  chronic exposure to this adipokine

Obesity basically means having too much body fat. Not being overweight for your height, having too much muscle, or water in your body. What exactly is obesity? “Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a tool used to measure obesity. Obesity increases your risk of developing related conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and sleep apnea, to name a few. Many individuals are affected by obesity and are not aware of it” (O.A.C, 2016). Causes of obesity vary from person to person, but most are from the same reasons. Taking in more calories than your body can burn leads to obesity because your body stores the unused calories as fat. Typical causes are eating too much food than your body can use, drinking too much alcohol, and not getting enough exercise. Many obese people who lose large amounts of weight and gain it back think it is their fault. They blame themselves for not having the willpower to keep the weight off. Many people regain more weight than they lost. Today, we know that biology is a big reason why some people cannot keep the weight off. Some people who live in the same place and eat the same foods become obese, while others do not. Our bodies have a complex system to help keep our

Nutrition and weight status is a vitally important issue as obesity is on the rise in the United States. One third of children in this country ages 2-19 are either overweight or obese and this potentially sets them up to develop diabetes and other comorbidities during their lifetime (U.S. Task Force, 2010). It is important to promote health by way of consumption of healthy foods, getting adequate exercise and maintaining a healthy body weight and body image. The Let’s Move initiative, founded by First Lady Michelle Obama, approaches the obesity epidemic at a grassroots level and encourages children to eat healthy, get active and take actions towards a healthy lifestyle ("Let’s Move," n.d.).

Illustrated model of adipokine-endothelial cell interaction. Adipocytes generates many hormones and cytokines such as TNF-α, PAI-1, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. These factors have a main role in adipose tissue, and act locally. They also are important in cell signaling, and have significant effects as circulating bioactive factors. Resistin directly stimulates the activation of endothelial and modulates endothelial function, so this represents resistin is an important link between insulin resistance and cardiovascular

The everyday routines of life can and will be more difficult if encumbered with obesity.

Obesity is a condition in which the over accumulation of adipose fat tissue causes the weight of a person to increase abnormally. Their weight exceeds by 20%, as a factor of their ideal body weight. According to recent analysis, statistics show that more than one third of the world’s population is targeted by obesity. Research shows that overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight. Obesity occurs greatly amongst adults who are 18 years or older. An estimated 600 million adults were obese out of the 1.9 billion that were overweight, around the world in 2014. One in three adults in Mexico, New Zealand and United States are obese, and one in four adults in Australia, Canada, Chile and Hungary are obese. In contrast, rates of obesity are much lower in Asian countries, where approximately 2-4% of adults have obesity. In countries such as Mexico and the United States, Latino and Africans have the highest rates of obesity amongst all the individuals. However, along with adults, statistics show that the rates for obesity are also high among children within and below the age of 5. As calculated in 2013, the number of children across the world that were either overweight or obese was 42 million. Since then, the rates have increased by 30% more in in low- and middle-income countries than in developed countries. Due to the fact that this condition continues at higher rates across the world, several organizations, such as the World Health Organization, are working with and