UNIT 1 ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM AT
THE ADVENT OF BRITISH RULE
1.0 ' Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mauryan and Gupta Administration
1.3 Major Characteristics of Moghul Administration
1.3.1 Role of the King
1.3.2 Bureaucracy
1.3.3 Army
1.3.4 Police
1.4 Structure of the Moghul Administrative System
1.4.1 Central Administration
1.4.2 Provincial Administration
1.4.3 District and Local Administration
1.5 Revenue Administration
1.5.1 Land Revenue as the Primary Source of Income
1.5.2 Types of Land Tenurial Systems
1.5.3 Administration of Land Revenue
1.5.4 Important Revenue Reforms
1.5.5 Modus Operandi of Revenue Collection
1.6 Administration of Justice
1.6.1 Administration of Civil Justice
1.6.2 Administration of Criminal Justice
1.7 Let Us Sum
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In the Mauryan administration, the State had to perform two types of functions.
The constituent (component) functions related to maintenance of law and order, security of person and property and defence against aggression. The ministrant
(welfare) functiods had to do with provision of welfare services. All these functions were carried out by highly organised and elaborate governmental machinery. The empire was divided into a Home Province under the direct control of the central government and 4 to 5 outlying provinces, each under a
Viceroy who was responsible to the Central Government. The provinces had considerable autonomy in this "feudal-federal type" of organisation. Provinces were divided into districts and districts into villages with a whole lot of officials in charge at various levels. There was city government too and two types of courts corresponding to the modem civil and criminal courts. All the administrative wark was distributed among a number of departments, a very important department being the special tax department, managed by an efficient and highly organised bureaucracy who was supplemented by the army and the secret police.
The king was all-powerful and everything was done in his name. He was
From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. Political and religious climates of the Muslim Empires in 1450-1750 were tense, however religious tolerance can be seen in the Mughal and Ottoman Empires. According to the document, the military needed the support from the government and to back up political decisions. Document 5 is taken from the perspective of a missionary who lived for years in Egypt, the Ottoman Empire and a foreign employee of the Mughal emperor. In this document he talks about his experiences through both empires and describe each empire in terms of political and religious. This document give us information about how
During the Classical period, Han China and Mauryan/Gupta India developed many methods of political control. Although these empires were located in different geographic regions, they both used social hierarchy, language, bureaucracy, and religion as a means of political control. Many of Classical India’s religious beliefs and bureaucratic practices contrasted each other in relation to the ways that they supported the methods of political control.
Compare and contrast the methods used to consolidate political authority in two empires (Tokugawa Shogunate, Qing Empire, Mughal Empire) during 1450 to 1750.
To maintain stability and cohesion in their respective empire, rulers of Imperial Rome and Han China balanced power through the centralization of government in the
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Wheeler Howard Act or the IRA, had a major impact on the everyday lives of Native American Tribes that were scattered across the United states. The Indian Reorganization Act provided the means and tools for tribes to form their own governments and constitutions. The IRA stopped the general allotment act that was put into effect by the Dawes of 1887. The Indian Reorganization Act granted the Secretary of Interior a tremendous amount of power over Native American affairs ranging from land, livestock, employment, government, etc. According to the reorganization plan, after a tribe or nation voted to accept the IRA, it would draw up a constitution and bylaws, submit it to a referendum,
The political structures of the Han and Gupta/Mauryan Empire are noticeably diverse. The Han focused their government more on the extensive bureaucracy. In contrast, Indian rulers failed to build strong mighty bureaucracy. Many of the Chinese nations developed a solid bureaucratic system.
of the “golden age of empires” as so we call it, welcome to the Gupta Empire. I am Candra Gupta II, and this empire can last for many of years if you take it right and keep from the mistakes that the falling empires of Han and Rome. There are two mainly mistakes that both Han and Rome made to fail their empire and they are Taxes, and their bureaucracy.
With very able and trained offcials within the government, administration and other tasks were done efficiently and superbly. The Han dynasty’s imperial government system was based off its predecessor, the Qin dynasty. A central control was established, meaning the emperors had full power over China. In theory, the power of the emperor was absolute and unlimited. The emperor is assisted with three councilors of state, the Chancellor over the Masses, the Imperial Counselor and the Grand Commandant.
The people of Qin dynasty were under the control of the state to ensure efficiency and order. The government was split into 36 commandries and then in counties. In each of these counties there was a civil governor, military commander, and imperial inspector. Each of these officials played a vital role in the administrative task of the empire. Any one was subject to punishment, as well as the officials, and a strict code was provided for harsh punishments for any offenders. The policies of the Mauryan empire were based on the teachings of Buddhism. Ashoka issued a sequence of edicts that explained the basic guidelines his empire. These were announced through inscriptions on pillars, rocks. The edicts spoke of officials helping the poor, religious freedom, establishing drinking wells and planting shade trees for travelers. When compared to the government laws of Qin you can see the drastic contrast in how philosophy influences rulers. Both the Mauryan empire and Qin dynasty flourished during their times even though their governmental policies were drastically
The Indian Act is one of the most outdated and irrelevant pieces of legislature ever written. In 1876, the Crown consolidated all existing laws pertaining to Indians, and called this new document the Indian Act. They did not solicit input from Aboriginal people and in fact, at that time, Aboriginal people were not even allowed to vote for or against the politicians who were creating this Act. If this Act was written in 1876, what effect could it possibly have on anyone today? The answer to this is complex and requires an analysis of what is contained within the Act.
Both Mauryan/Gupta India and Han China gained power and control through military conquest and a centralized belief system. Han China’s government was led by Confucian scholars with a mandate from heaven which meant the king was solely in charge, were as, on the other hand Mauryan/Gupta India, influenced by the Hindu belief, imposed a caste system with the priestly caste being at the top, which meant they had possessed the power.
The Han Dynasty was ruled from both emperors as a centralized bureaucracy that focused on administration and imperial expansion. This aided the Han Dynasty to expand and thereby prosper to be one of the greatest ruling empires of all time. India also share some of these values as during the Mauryan Dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya ruled a centralised and unified government. He ran a bureaucratic administrative system which enabled them to implement policies throughout the state, much like the Han.
Colonization is a controversial matter. This is especially true when it comes to the British, who have colonized nearly every country (only 22 countries have not been settled by Britain). The British presence in India was one of the most controversial of all of their colonizations. Many believe it was positive for the country, others believe it was not. However, the positives far outweigh the negatives: Better infrastructure, Western education, and the British bringing political peace and order.
The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India “the pivot of our Empire …” I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonial policy led to the privation and death of millions of natives. I conclude that while India undoubtedly benefited from British colonial rule, the negatives for the subject population far outweighed the positives.
The administration of the Mughal economy was directly related to the war making capabilities of the Empire. The relationship between war making and economic management was at the heart of the patronage and ranking system that distributed economic and political