Advanced Accounting Essay

According to IAS 21, functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates. The primary economic environment in which an entity operates is normally the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash. Taking this into consideration the functional currency for Sparkle during 2009 would be the US$ based on the given information for 2009 there are more cash transactions using the US$ than NGN. During 2010 under GAAP the functional currency for Sparkle would be the US$. According to FAS 52, A currency in a highly inflationary environment is not considered stable enough to serve as a functional currency and the more stable currency of the reporting parent is to be used instead. During 2010 under IFRSs, using IAS 21, the functional currency for Sparkle would be the US$ for 2010. Although Shine sold its share of the joint venture to Brighten the loan would be transferred and the amount of American currency to NGN would remain the same.

The financial reporting problem at Molex was that, “the profit on inventory sales that the company made between its

3) Align foreign exchange management in a manner consistent how GM Corporation operates its automotive business

The financial statements are presented in Pounds Sterling, generally rounded to nearest million, which are prepared on the historical basis, exempting certain financial instruments such as share-based payments, customer loyalty programmes and pensions that have been measured to fair valued.

Comparing the performance of divisions operating in different countries is difficult due to legal, political, social, economic and currency differences. Additionally companies in different countries may adopt different accounting standards, which makes the financial statement not comparable. Calculation on ROI, RI and EVA for subunits that operate in different countries needs to be adjusted for differences in inflation and changes in the exchange rates.

From class, translation risk comes from the translation of the value of the asset from the foreign currency to the domestic currency. When the Punt/US$ exchange rate changes, Universal Circuits’ assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses have to be recalculated and restated.

‘Cash and cash equivalents’ include certain short-term investments and, in some cases, bank overdrafts. Like IFRS, ‘cash and cash equivalents’ include certain shortterm investments, although not necessarily the same short-term investments as under IFRS. Unlike IFRS, bank overdrafts are considered a form of short-term financing, with changes therein classified as financing activities. The statement of cash flows presents cash flows during the period, classified by operating, investing and financing activities. Like IFRS, the statement of cash flows presents cash flows during the period, classified by operating, investing and financing activities. The separate components of a single transaction are classified as operating, investing or financing. Unlike IFRS, cash receipts and payments with attributes of more than one class of cash flows are classified based on the predominant source of the cash flows unless the underlying transaction is accounted for as having different components. Cash flows from operating activities may be presented using either the direct method or the indirect method. If the direct method is used, then an entity presents a reconciliation of profit or loss to net cash flows from operating activities; however, in our experience practice varies regarding the measure of profit or loss used. Like IFRS, cash flows from operating activities may be presented using either the direct method or the indirect method. Like IFRS, if

Exchange rate gains or losses are brought to account in determining the net profit or loss in the period in which they arise, as are exchange gains or losses relating to cross currency swap transactions on monetary items. Exchange differences relating to hedges of specific transactions in respect of the cost of inventories or other assets, to the extent that they occur before the date of receipt, are deferred and included in the measurement of the transaction. Exchange differences relating to other hedge transactions are brought to account in determining the net profit or loss in the period in which they arise. Foreign controlled entities are considered self-sustaining. Assets and liabilities are translated by applying the rate ruling at balance date and revenue and expense items are translated at the average rate calculated for the period. Exchange rate differences are taken to the foreign currency translation reserve.

A vertical and horizontal analysis of each company's balance sheet and income statement in this particular case will be enlightening. A vertical analysis will for instance shed some light on how revenue is being used. In this case, each component of the companies' financial statements will be converted into a percentage of a key component of either the balance sheet or the income statement. A special common size balance sheet and income statement will be utilized to ease comparison. The

7. Whether the cash flows of foreign operation directly affect the cash flows of the reporting entity.

The cash flow statement consists of three parts: cash flows provided by operating activities of $13,831, cash flows provided by investing activities, and cash flows provided by financing activities effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents of ($204)

* Currency exposure is the extent to which the future cash flows of an enterprise, arising from domestic and foreign currency denominated transactions involving assets and liabilities, and generating revenues and expenses, are susceptible to variations in foreign currency exchange rates.

B. Suppose an American exporter has just received a payment of € 100,000, how many dollars will result upon conversion?

Conversely, looking at the income statement for PMWL, operating income shows healthy gains of $45,862, which means the operating expenses are significantly lower in comparison to AWBL’s. However, PMWL’s cost of goods sold appear abnormally high, which makes an investor question whether this company is at it’s maturity phase in the product life cycle, and how much additional capital is necessary to bring this figure down to a number that leverages economies of scale and allows for profit maximization.

ABCO Corporation has a parts division in country A. Its assembly division is in country B, which has a higher tax rate than country A. To minimize the corporation's overall income tax, how should ABCO set its transfer prices between its parts and assembly divisions?