Advances in Cellular Communication

It is envisioned that 5G will interconnect everything to the mobile network wirelessly that can be characterized by the tremendous increase in the number of connectivity and traffic volume density [25]. According to the forecast, the capacity density (i.e., the required capacity for a given area) will increase by 1000 times compared to the capacity density in current mobile network (i.e., 4G/4.5G) [26]. The clear effect of this increase is more capacity

Abstract—In the recent times, researches show that all wireless networks are not energy–efficient than what we expect to be, especially the base stations through which the terminal access takes place. In order to overcome and solve this problem Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence (VCE) has performed a project named Green Project in the year 2009 and the main aim of this project is to overcome all the problems and to develop a process which is going to save energy in future wireless systems. This paper deals with the technical parts of the project and details several other current energy consumption models in the base station devices. This article also provides some good ideas in reduction of the energy consumption for the future radio base stations which helps to reduce the burden on the network providers.

IEEE 802.11n is a revolutionizing standard which can achieve very high data rates with the introduction of MIMO technology in wireless networks and modulation schemes like OFDM.[1] Theoretically, it can achieve a maximum data rate of 600 MBPS which is nearly ten times more than its predecessor. It uses many efficient methods such as MIMO technology, OFDM scheme and many multiplexing techniques such as spatial multiplexing to bolster its quest for higher throughput. The fast growing mobile device usage also inflames the development of wireless standards. The physical and medium access control layers in wireless standards have a significant effect on the data

Multipath propagation is an essential component of all wireless communication system. Conventional radio systems rely on the strong primary signal and also make use of multipath mitigation techniques to overcome multipath propagation and interference. Beam forming technology or smart antenna technology is used for this purpose. A smart antenna is capable of routing transmitted beam by scheming the phase of the signal at each element of the antenna array to the receiver. Receiving diversity, this uses numerous antennas at the receiver side and merges all the received signals to improve the signal reliability. These techniques are used to reduce the effect of multipath propagation on the communication systems. MIMO makes use of multipath propagation to get better throughput, range and reliability [Berrou 1996].

802.11ac is a new generation of network protocol. Because it runs in 5G Wi-Fi, this refers to the fifth generation of Wi-Fi transmission technology, and runs 5Ghz radio wave bands. Here 's a common problem 802.11ac and 5G Wi-Fi was a lot of confusion in the

III. Objectives In our proposed cell breathing technique, the mobile switching centre (MSC) performs the pre-calculation as outlined: Before assigning a call to the base station or access point (AP) of a cell, the MSC will check if the capacity of the cell is exceeded, i.e if it is getting overloaded. In case of overloading, the received power of the client (to whom the call is directed) decreases below the threshold. As such, the MSC searches which neighboring AP transmits optimum power to this client and has free load i.e. its current load is less than its maximum capacity. Once such an AP is found, its coverage area is expanded to serve the client of the neighboring AP and MSC assigns the client to this new AP. Thus the overloading call is not dropped and the grade of service is improved. Unlike previous works on cell breathing, where the radius of the

MIMO techniques are essentially a major part in LTE framework.Some prominent features of MIMO which are very useful for LTE case are as follows-

Present wireless scenario consists of homogeneous network and heterogeneous networks. In homogeneous network each base station has similar transmit power level, antenna pattern, receiver noise floor and similar backhaul connectivity. But this type of network has disadvantage of coverage hole. In heterogeneous network the macro BSs is collocated with micro, pico and femto cells. This arrangement increases overall spectral efficiency per unit area (capacity) of the network. Whereas small cell like micro, pico, femto and relays are used to avoid coverage hole and to provide mobility to the users. Not only this relays can be used to provide backhaul connectivity, where wire line link is not possible or are expensive to deploy. As determined by the information theoretic capacity limits, current cellular systems have evolved to a point where a system with one BS achieves near optimal performance. Researchers are now moving towards more advanced heterogeneous network topology which will bring the network more closely to the mobile user leading to further capacity gains [46-49]. HetNets will significantly improve the spectral efficiency per unit area by utilizing a diverse set of BSs.

Selection combining is used fir very high frequency and ultra high frequency as maximum ratio combing and equal gain combing is not suitable to work under these high frequencies because tracking performance is not easy in a frequency changing or multipath fading. A simple implementation procedure is used in selection combining and is more beneficial then maximum ratio combining and equal gain combining. In this technique the highest signal level branch is selected. In short selection combining is used to look after all the diversity branches and

Now a day’s communication is an important factor and requirement high data rate for the communication and also require the error free environment. So for these entire requirements we use OFDM. OFDM is used for both wired and wireless communication. OFDM belongs to a broader class of multicarrier modulation (MCM) in which the data information is carried over many lower rate subcarrier [1]. OFDM is a solution of intersymbol interference (ISI). ISI is caused by dispersive channel.

The demand for mobile communication has been growing day by day. Resource flexibility is one of the most important issues in the coming generation of mobile communication. Radio frequency channels are a scarce resource and have to be reused as much as possible. Different techniques are required to increase the efficiency & flexibility of the network to deal with new services and to adopt the new traffic profiles and characteristics Many channel assignment schemes such as fixed channel assignment (FCA), dynamic channel assignment (DCA) and hybrid channel assignment (HCA) have been proposed to assign frequencies to cells with a goal to maximize the frequency reuse. In this paper, we make a review of the characteristics of various channel assignment specially dynamic (LBSB )schemes.

capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data

The concentration of small cells in a network increases; measures need to be taken in order to ensure that the QoS is not degraded for the macrocell users as well as its nearest small cells. Interference managing in Heterogeneous Network in critical position .This is characteristically attained completed bright resource allocation schemes for small cells. In Heterogeneous Network, the mobile network is constructed with layers of small and large cells. This architecture is faced with the task of supply allocation (power, channel, time) for small cells in order to guarantee reliable and high quality service to both primary (macrocell) users as well as secondary (femtocell) users. In mobile network all users can be considered as nomadic, in the form of microcells, hot-spots, circulated antennas and relays becomes predictable. Therefore, for the deployment of the LTE systems the FAPs get a critical inspiring subject, mostly relating to the technical and business influences that it could signify and the method they could be combined efficiently into the LTE building.

The area served by Mobile phones is divided into small areas known as cells. Each Cell contains a base station which communicates with the mobiles in the cells. There are two types of transmission downstream and upstream. The transmission from the base station to the mobile is called downs stream, forward link or downlinks. While the transmission from the mobile to base station is referred to as upstream, reverse link or uplink. There are certain terminologies associated with the Mobile Communication, which is given below with the Brief description to understand how the communication is actually done.

We have introduced a new form of diversity for the concept of mobile communications system of cooperation. Cooperation by mobile phone users for each user is assigned. Cooperation can be considered as a new form of space diversity, antenna diversity in the transmission process, however, and other complications, Intermobiles noisy channels, each phone has sent a separate message. (W. Yu and T. Lan, 2007, pp. 2646–2660)