Advantage And Disadvantage Of Steel

Steel was used before the second Industrial Revolution, but was mainly used to make swords and weapons by blacksmiths. Before the second Industrial Revolution Henry Bessemer writes in his autobiography, “At that date there was no steel suitable for structural purposes”. At the time, anything structural, including railways, buildings, ships, and bridges were made out of wood and iron because

Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When weight is added it bends without cracking. Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility, meaning that when force is added it won’t crack however it will lose shape therefore giving warning for people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire. Studies have shown that it can loose up- to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on.

The sequence of steps to successfully obtain steel became known as the Bessemer process, and this would be responsible for the extremely fast innovation within society. This is very evident, as not only did steel acquire several different uses within society, but the effects had greater, beneficial impacts than anyone could imagine. The biggest use that steel was required for, was the building of railroad tracks. Thanks to this invention, the concept of transportation was redefined for people. Instead of wagons and walking, someone had the ability to now board a train, and reach their destination much faster than before. Along with the creation of the railroad system, the usage of steel also allowed society itself to become more advanced, as cities could grow bigger and more complex. Back when iron was used, the height of the building was extremely limited due to its fragility. However, now with the product of steel, architects were allowed to make buildings as high as they wanted, which led to the creation of the world’s first sky scraper in

It has an excellent strength to weight ratio obtained from heat-treatment used in its formation. The heat treatment used for this steel does not use quenching rather uses air cooling or air

Every year there is 1.3 billion tons of steel produced around the world. Steel is made in different sizes and categorized by how good the steel is, these is called grades and standards. Steel today is used in many things you wouldn’t even think of such as the armored vests policemen wear or jewelry. Stainless steel was invented in 1913 by Harry Brearley when he put 12.8% chromium and .24% carbon when the standard for steel was .12 - 2% carbon and 16 - 26% chromium. Stainless steel is used in almost all new home appliances and in Great Britain it was used for cars. Some buildings made with steel are the Chrysler building, the Empire State Building, and the Sears Tower. Another building made with tons of steel is the Burj Khalifa. It used 55,000 tons of steel to be made and at 2,717 feet it is the tallest building in the

Overall, the 1018 and 1045 steel specimens displayed similar relationships between the heat-treating procedures. The 1045 steel had a greater tensile strength in all states except for the quenched state. In general, the 1018 steel specimens were more ductile than the 1045 steel specimens in all states.

Upfront concrete is the cheaper option which sounds good for the people paying for it, but in the long run steel is more economical. Steel bridges are re-buildable, damage to a steel bridge is more noticeable, it takes a shorter time to build a steel bridge and Steel is more durable than concrete. All signs point to steel being the best choice for a bridge to be as effective as possible. “Steel spans last longer than concrete ones. Those built by eight mostly European firms under the PBP are rated for 80-100 years”

Before steel bridges were built, trade had to be done through the use of ships and boats, slowing down the process. However, through the use of steel bridges, “the cost of travel and trade” has decreased by an enormous amount (“Introduction: What are bridges for?). Michael G. Barker, a professor in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Wyoming, collaborated with an engineering consultant and conducted some research on steel bridges. He studied two bridges-- one steel, and the other concrete, which were both built in 2012 in the same location, with the same dimensions, and looked very similar. In his study, he found that “the steel . . . superstructure provided a 25.8 percent cost savings, with an overall 19.3 percent savings in the total cost of the structure” than the concrete bridge. This clearly shows that steel bridges are not very costly as other types of

This is because of the fact that metal buildings offer quality, durability and versatility within an arch design that makes the building structures the strongest on earth. Since 1982, metal building and constructions have become popular and been widely used by the people across US. This is how every metal building maker in US have sold more than 40,000 buildings to residential, commercial and industrial clients who use the structures for dozens of applications, including storage buildings and steel garages, office and commercial uses so on and so

When designing a building, the load that must be supported is a very important consideration. Various building materials will each have their own levels of strength and ability to support loads. In addition to this, the way in which the building material is utilized may also play a role in the ability of the building to support large loads. The implementation of concrete as a building material led to much stronger walls and supports in Roman buildings. Additionally, the development of the arch was revolutionary in its ability to support loads. The types and sizes of structures that the Romans could build became unlike anything seen before, and they also became very interested in working with interior spaces, as well (Ambler, n.d.).

The use of steel rebars was started in construction in 18th century. Cast iron was used in the earlier age. Cast iron rebars were of high quality, and there was no corrosion. The technique was refined by embedding the steel bars in concrete. Square twisted steel bars (deformed bars) were introduced in 1960s but these were phased out due to their inherent inadequacies. Later the steel rebars of high yield strength were produced by raising carbon (>0.5 and <1.0 wt% content) as well as manganese contents. Carbon was added to steels in order to achieve strength and later on it was realized that higher content of carbon created problem of brittleness and accelerated rate of corrosion (due to the presence of higher proportion of cementite phases

Steel is a common alloy made up mainly of iron, along with various other elements. Because of steel’s amazing strength that can withstand high pressure and temperatures, it has many different uses in the construction business (Mukherjee). Alloyed steel is used for the bodies and framework of many buildings such as skyscrapers and other things including bridges, machinery, large carrier ships, and various auto parts for vehicles. (Mukherjee) Steel is not only used in construction, but also in manufacturing. Stainless steel is extensively used to make assorted kitchen cookware, cutlery, and other appliances (Mukherjee). Other forms of iron that are commonly used in manufacturing are cast and wrought iron. According to many people, cast iron is a practically indispensable part of any normal kitchen. Its uniform heating quality makes it a great choice for manufacturing skillets, which is its most common use (Mukherjee). Along with cast iron, wrought iron is a commonly used metal in manufacturing. Wrought iron fences, trellises, arbors, and patio furniture are examples of common items found in the outdoors of average households (Mukherjee). This research will

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.

Aggregate is one of the basic constituents of concrete. Its quality is of considerable importance because about three-quarter of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregates. One of the physical properties of aggregate that influence the property of concrete is the grading of aggregate. The grading of aggregate defines the proportions of particles of different size in the aggregate. The grading of fine (size &lt; 5 mm) and coarse (size &gt; 5 mm) aggregates are generally required to be within the limits specified in BS 882: 1992.

Steel products were defined by several attributes which determined the product application and defined quality. Grade described the metallic (chemical) composition of the steel, or the elements added to the basic recipe of iron and carbon to create the desired properties. Product described the shape of the product, including semi-finished shapes (blooms, billets and bars) and finished shapes (wires and coils). Surface finish described the smoothness and polish that could be applied to the material’s surface to enhance presentation. Size described the latitudinal and longitudinal dimensions of the product. Structural quality described the absence of breaks in the inner metallic structure. Surface quality described the absence of cracks or seams on the surface. Because specific applications called for specific attributes, many products were customized along one or more attributes for the customer. However, of all attributes, customers valued most the grade, which determined product performance.