Advantage And Disadvantage Of Wormhole Routing

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

3: Network Layer: The use of network layer is switching and routing technologies. It demonstrates logical path and virtual circuits for transferring data from one node to

the routing protocol is simply flooding, S will broadest the data packets and then these data packets are rebroadcasted by every neighbor of S, and

3.2. BlackHole. In this attack,malicious nodes advertise very short paths (sometimes zero-cost paths) to every other node, forming routing black holes within the network [41]. As their advertisement propagates, the network routes more traffic in their direction. In addition to disrupting traffic delivery, this causes intense resource contention around the malicious node as neighbors compete for limited bandwidth.

The CSC consists of a sequence of four steps which are executed in sequence: \textit{(i)} Nodes use their maximum transmission power to connect to their neighboring nodes; \textit{(ii)} CC-links are established to increase connectivity; \textit{(iii)} The resulting topology from steps 1 and 2 are combined and we use topology control to select the routes towards the sink node that reduce the number of hops to reach the sink node.

In a figure all ways from S to D incorporate hosts that are outside the request zone. Accordingly, there is no surety that a way can be discovered comprising just of the hosts in a picked request zone. In this manner, if a route is not found inside of a suitable timeout period, our convention Wows S to start another route disclosure with an extended request zone – in our simulations, the extended zone incorporates the whole system space. in this case the inactivity in deciding the route to D be longer.

In this example, we have three routers A, B and C. C’s E0 is directly connected to 192.168.3.0. And C’s routing table is (192.168.3.0; 0; E0) which shows that 192.168.3.0 is 0 hop away. RIP (Routing Information Protocol), running on C, tells B that 192.168.3.0 is reachable through C with a distance of 0. B adds 1 hop to the distance and enters the route to 192.168.3.0 into its own routing table which becomes (192.168.3.0; 1; S1). Now RIP is running on B and tells C that 192.168.3.0 is 1 hop away. Similarly, C adds 1 hop to the distance and enters the route to 192.168.3.0 into its own routing table which becomes (192.168.3.0; 2; S1).

(b) Redirection with modified hop count: This type of attack is targeted against the AODV protocol in which a malicious node can increase the chances that they are included on a newly created route by resetting the hop count field of a RREQ packet to zero. [17]

We have simulated another network having 30 numbers of nodes. The simulation is made using the same platform used for network 1. This simulation is done taking node 1 as a source and node 28 as destination. The optimal path obtained in this simulation is 1-23-13-28, in which data rate is 0.47 kbps. The second optimal path is 1-17-28, in which data rate is 0.35 kbps. The simulated results are summarized here in

Stream identifiers identify what stream a packet belongs to; class identifier identifies a transmitter and the information and packet classes. The timestamp fields are used to precisely specify the reference point of time for the transmission of the first packet [14]. The trailer is an optional part of the structure that can be used to enable other processes, as well as indicate states and events [14]. For the project these optional fields are disregarded.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of switching and routing used in a network environment and familiarize the reader with various hardware and software associated with there functions. This paper will look at some switching concepts that will include store and forward switching, cut through switching, fragment free switching, and V-Lan. This paper will also cover routing concepts, along with some comparisons including routed vs. routing protocols, Classful vs. classless protocols, and distance vector vs. link state protocols.

The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early 1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one idea led to another and how the intelligent people around the circumstances influenced the developments.

Throughout the ages, outstanding physicists, to the movies, to some of the greatest science fiction novels of all time, have pondered the idea of time-travel. The thought of actually being able to travel to another time or universe has long since enthralled, enveloped, and overwhelmed some of the greatest minds in the history of physics. No one person can actually prove any of their theories, but a few actually make sense. Meaning that they do not violate the laws of physics. One of the main theories suggested, are wormholes. Wormholes are considered to connect two regions of flat space-time, two universes, or two parts of the same universe. There is a lot of theoretical evidence that wormholes exist, with an equal amount of

The two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP), are very crucial for the smooth operation of network services for both the computer applications and application layer protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP and Telnet. These two transport layer protocols TCP and UDP execute these services via the employment of IP. They use IP in the efficient routing of packets to their respective destination networks (Steinke,2001).The TCP is further noted by Steinke (2001) to be responsible for the provision of a reliable and yet connection-oriented byte-stream packet delivery while its counterpart UDP is noted to be responsible for the provision of a connectionless but rather unreliable packet delivery. In this paper we explain the work of the two TCP/IP transport layer protocols (TCP and UDP). In addition, describe how TCP and UDP manage key functions such as reliability, port addressing, and segmentation.

Key tools utilized, variable length subnet masking and route summarization are explained as well. Here choosing the appropriate routing protocol is equally critical for a successful design. To implement different masks for the same major network it is necessary to have a routing protocol that supports VLSM. Such routing protocols are called classless routing protocols. They carry the mask information along with the route advertisements therefore allowing for the support of more than one mask.