Advantage And Disadvantages Of Cardanol

This was concluded by combining information on melting points and TLC; melting range narrowed when filtered product was mixed with the standard product. Also, the Rf value of the pure product is closely related to the Rf value of the standard. TLC of filtrate showed no movement of the substance in the mixture under 9:1 ratio declaring the substance to be extremely polar. Of the three potential unknown reactants, 4-methoxyphenol would be the most polar and therefore would travel least up the TLC plate. (Q14:Yield) 81.2% product yield was collected. “Matter cannot be created nor destroyed”, therefore some product could have filtered through. TLC of filtrate confirmed remnants of product present. Filtering the filtrate could have increased the yield. (Q15:Recovery) The percent recovery of the product makes sense because it is the mass of the crystallized product divided by the crude product: 94.9%. The percentage reflects the mass of pure product (without the presence of impurities). (Q16:MP) Melting point coincides with the unknown nucleophile being 4-methoxyphenol because when the standard product was combined with our pure product, the melting range narrowed. When compared to the melting ranges obtained when mixed with the other two possible products the melting ranges significantly decreased and widened. This is often an indication of impurities being present, but because this was a

A pre-weighed (0.315g) mixture of Carboxylic acid, a phenol, and neutral substance was placed into a reaction tube (tube 1). tert-Butyl methyl ether (2ml) was added to the tube and the solid mixture was dissolved. Next, 1 ml of saturated NaHCO3 solution was added to the tube and the contents were mixed separating the contents into three layers. Once this was completed

Nerolin was prepared with a mixture of methanol, 2-naphthol, potassium hydroxide (KOH), and iodoethane using a reflux apparatus. A reaction mixture was obtained, and allowed to freeze. Nerolin crystals were obtained by way of gravity filtration and vacuum filtration in a successive manner. The nerolin crystals were further analyzed to show purity of the experimental product by examining the shape and size of the crystals, along with the melting point of the crystals. From this experiment, 6.44% of nerolin crystals were recovered, with a melting point measured as 33-35C. The preparation of nerolin was performed due to its role in maintaining long-lasting fragrance release properties in fabrics.

Preparation of 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol mixture: Isopropanol (12.5 mL, 163 mmol) and a KOH pellet were added to NaBH4 (17.8 mmol, 673mg) before 3,3,5 trimethylcyclohexanone (20 mmol, 3.16 mL) was added to the suspension. The reaction mixture was stirred (30 minutes, room temp.) and then added to brine (10.0 mL) in a separatory funnel. The product was extracted from the aqueous layer using 10% hexane (3 x10mL) before the combined organic layers were washed with brine (10.0 mL), dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The crude product was distilled using a vacuum aspirator to produce a clear, colorless liquid containing cis-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol (1) and trans-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol (2) (BP: ~105°C, 977mg, 38.6% yield), characterized

4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (742 mg, 5.7 mmol) and acetone (10 mL) were mixed together on ice, while a mixture of 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride (0.55 ml, 4.3 mmol) in acetone (2.5 mL) was added drop-wise for 10 minutes. Then, the mixture was mixed on ice for an addition five minutes, then for ten minutes at room temperature. Diethyl ether (10 mL) was added to the mixture and the resultant white precipitate was filtered. The product was recrystallized using ethanol (95%) and filtered. After drying, the crystals were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (10 mL) and ammonia (concentrated, 10 mL). The organic layer was removed and the aqueous layer was washed with dichloromethane (10 mL). The combined organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate (anhydrous) and evaporated, which afforded a white powder (0.68 g, 66%) mp: 130-133°C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.71 (d, 2H), 7.41 (d, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.73 (t, 4H), 3.53 (q, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 2.5 (t, 4H); IR (ATR) υmax (cm-1) 3277, ~2900, 1633, 1595, 1546, 1486, 1469, 1461, 1142, 1116,

soluble in most organic solvents. [22] In the ring opening polymerisation process, tin octoate is often used together with an alcohol compound that is nucleophilic to gain control the synthetization of the polymer. However, the process requires the use of high temperatures which may lead to transesterification to occur and hence a broad polydispersity will be obtained. [23] Kowalski et al. studied the different reactions that can influence the rate of polymerisation and have proven that the polymerisation process is living. [24][25] It was reported that the number of active sites can be increased by adding alcohol especially butanol. This will then result in a higher polymerisation rate. The rate of polymerisation can be affected when the presence of carboxylic acids as shown in figure 6 temporarily converts the growing chain into dormant molecules.

Purpose: In this experiment, I performed a Diels-alder reaction by refluxing anthracene with maleic anhydride in xylenes to form a bridged bicyclic product at high temperature. The reflux technique involves continuous boiling of a solution to the temperature of reaction solvent where evaporating solvent is condensed back into the original reaction flask. The product was collected by recrystallization technique and characterized using melting point.

In basic chemistry, ester can be formed through alcohol and carboxylic acid reactions. Ester have functional group of (-COO-) that will attach on the reaction. In the review of Faraj et al., 2010, the fischer esterification is an equilibrium response, while other esterification courses does not include equilibrium. To move the equilibrium to support the generation of esters, it is standard to utilize an abundance of one of the reactants, either the liquor or the corrosive. In the present responses, an abundance of the phenol (Aldrich, 98% virtue), dodecylamine (Merck, 97% virtue), 1-octadecanol (Merck, 97% immaculateness), and polyethylene glycol (Fluka with 98% virtue and a normal sub-atomic mass of 14000) have been utilized, on the grounds that it is less expensive and less demanding to evacuate than the carbon nanotubes. Another approach to drive a response toward its items is to expel one of the items as it structures.

DG or nonionic micelle component and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) anionic component micelle. Therefore, the continuation of the work CAPB is used. Chemical formula C19H38N2O3 and IUPAC name {[3-(Dodecanoylamino) propyl](dimethyl)ammonio}acetate is showen in fig 5.

Glycerol was partially deprotonated with the P+CH3O- by distilling off methanol under vacuum at 70 °C for 1 h in a sealed glass vessel (50 mL), and dried overnight at 110 °C). Stoichiometric PO was pushed into a vessel set in a pre-heated oil-bath for polymerization, cooled to room temperature, and the residual monomer was removed by evaporation when the polymerizations were finished. Excess methanol and cation exchange resin (Amberlite IR-120) were added to the crude products and stirred at 25 °C for 1 h. Purified PPOs were obtained after filtration and removal of methanol, and characterized by NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography

: Laccase catalyses the oxidation of phenols by one electron oxidation, consuming molecular oxygen. The phenolic compounds form phenoxy radicals that turn into quinone intermediates in the second stage of oxidation. These quinones are very reactive and undergo non-enzymatic radical coupling reaction to form covalent bonds involving polymerisation or cross-linking of phenolic monomers. Laccase from ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila was able to oxidize phenolic compounds such as catechol and catechin and mediate their attachment to denim surfaces. When catechol was oxidised by laccase in situ at the surface of the denim fabrics, a brown overdyed surface was obtained due to polymer deposition. Process optimization showed that 4 units per millilitre

The percent yield of the trimethylphenol product was rather low at 10%. However, due to the humid conditions during the day of the experiment, this low yield was to be expected. Grignard reagents react quickly with water as bases, forming OH- ions. Since the Grignard reagent

An ester was synthesized during an organic reaction and identified by IR spectroscopy and boiling point. Acetic acid was added to 4-methyl-2-pentanol, which was catalyzed by sulfuric acid. This produced the desired ester and water. After the ester was isolated a percent yield of 55.1% was calculated from the 0.872 g of ester recovered. This quantitative error was most likely due to product getting stuck in the apparatus. The boiling point of the ester was 143° C, only one degree off from the theoretical boiling point of the ester 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 144 ° C. The values of the

The size of the NPs prepared was in-between 100-150nm. The NPs prepared were found to have sustained drug release properties (Mittal et al. 2007).

An air-dried glass reaction vessel equipped with a magnetic stir bar was charged with, in order: 1,4-dioxane (15 mL), t-amyl alcohol (3 mL),2-bromo-3-chloro-5-methyl-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-5H-pyrrolo [2,3-b]pyrazine (0.84 g, 2.5 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.057 g, 0.25 mmol), xantphos (0.25 g, 0.43 mmol), Cs2CO3 (1.66 g, 5 mmol) and tert-butyl carbamate (0.3 g, 2.5 mmol). The suspension was refluxed at 90 oC for 3 h. Once the reaction was complete by TLC, it was diluted with EA and filtered through a bed of celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by silica chromatography (25% EA:hexane) to afford desired product as a crystalline solid.