Advantages And Disadvantages Of Aniline

In 1937 two German workers produced a new polymer that had advantages over existing plastics made from polycondensation and was not covered by existing patients like that of Wallace Carothers polyesters patent. This polymer was polyurethane. Polyurethanes belong to the family of reaction polymers, which also consist of unsaturated polyesters epoxies and phenolics, it is produced by reacting an isocyanate containing two or more isocyanate groups per molecule with a polyol containing on average two or more hydroxy groups per molecule in the presence of a catalyst or by activation with ultraviolet light. The properties of polyurethane are directly related to the polyol, and isocyanates used. For instance, high amounts of crosslinking produce

Azide – 1 and Azide – 2 were obtained from corresponding α – N – Boc diaminoacid in reaction with ethyl 2 – azido – 2,2 – difluoroacetate and subsequent treatment with HCl in dioxane. Both of the compounds were colorless solid and readily soluble in

stacking interactions and size effects and should be kept similar to that of the conventional

P-aminophenol on diazotization gives diazonium salt. When 3-pentadecynyl phenol dissolved in chilled solution of KOH in methanol was added dropwise in diazonium salt solution gives red dye (Yield 80 %). Thus HPPDP have been synthesized as shown in Fig.10. Further, HPPDP dissolved in DMF as solvent followed by reaction with 1, 6- diisocynato hexane (HDI) to synthesize polyurethane.Changqing Fu et al. [62] has synthesized the polyurethane from aromatic cardanol (industrial grade) based polyol by using thiol–ene coupling (shown in Fig.9). The resulting polyols were then polymerised with Hexamethylene diisocynate (HDI) to produce the corresponding bio-based polyurethane. Thiol-ene chemistry, for synthesis of cardanol based polyol can be used to

In a typical synthesis process, the reaction solution was prepared by mixing 6g of Zinc acetate dihydrate in 70:30 ratio of ethanol/water. The ZnO precursor containing In-dopant was prepared with 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mole % of indium. A thick white gel was formed after the addition of NaOH into the reaction solution, the mixture was kept under magnetic stirring for 24h to provide perfect growth, the resulting white gel was dried and finally calcined at 200ºC for 5h.

Present there is an enormous deal of scientific attention in the field of Imidazoline derivatives. Imidazoline is a Nitrogen compound and it can be utilized in organic dyes as nitrogenous electron donors since it introduces additional electron donors at position 2. Because of high molar extinction coefficient Imidazoline and other molecular structures containing nitrogen developed as metal free organic dyes. Usually, metal-free organic dyes have the apparent molecular structure of the electron donor element and the acceptor element connected by the conjugated chain (D– π–A).

In recent years, studies on the electrical and dielectric properties of metal-polymer nanocomposites have attracted much attention in view of their application in electronic and electrical devices. Electrical conduction in polymers has been studied aiming to understand the nature of the charge transport predominant in these materials.

Three types of linear and planar-structured donor (D)–acceptor (A) type alternating copolymers were synthesized by incorporating intrachain noncovalent Coulomb interactions, based on 2,5-bisthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-1,4-bis(decyltetradecyloxy)benzene and benzothiadiazole (BT) moieties. The chain linearity and systematic adjustment of interchain organization was achieved by the incorporation of different number of electronegative fluorine atoms onto BT, which significantly affected the frontier energy levels, film morphology, and the resulting charge transport properties. Bimodal semi-crystalline orientation and charge carrier transport properties were studied by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and polymer filed effect transistor (PFET) characteristics measurements. The hole mobility as high as 0.1 cm2/Vs in PFET was measured for poly(2,5-bisthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-1,4-bis(decyltetradecyloxy)benzene-alt-4,7-(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3 -benzothiadiazole)) (PPDTT2FBT), suggesting a strong self-organization in the linear configuration with conformation lock with the help of fluorine atoms. The linear and difluorinated PPDTT2FT also showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE, 6.4%) by blending with PC71BM, but showed a poorer photovoltaic performance compared to the wavy-structured counterpart, PPDT2FBT, reported previously. The mainly edge-on orientation of PPDTT2FT and poor blend film morphology attributed to the moderate PCE in the blends. Fine modulation

High-performance aromatic polyimides (PIs) possess various outstanding properties, such as high thermal, mechanical, and chemical resistance and a low dielectric constant. Therefore, increasing attention has been paid to the application of PIs to microelectronics, optoelectronics, and the aerospace industry [3]. It is possible to apply graphene on conducting electrodes and films, sensors, electromagnetic shielding materials and so on .In particular, polymer–graphene composite materials are the interesting candidates for heat dissipation application due to its excellent thermal conductivity. Polyimides have a few limitations, such as low electrical conductivity, electrostatic accumulation, and poor heat dissipation [4]. These

Ever since the first polymer was fabricated in 1907, scientists have been seeking new applications for classic polymers (Brewer, 2006). Recently, in 2010, an enhanced structure of the photovoltaic cell (PVC) was proposed: synthesising new polymers from regular polymers for advanced donating and electron-accepting (D-A) moieties in PVCs (Mike et al., 2010). Also, in 2005, another additional application for traditional polymers has been discovered. By adding cinnamic acid to a flexible polymer, a material is produced which changes shape in response to different wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) light (Lendlein, 2005). Hence, an ‘old’ polymer can be taught new applications and ‘tricks’ if modified in some way.

The cyclic potential sweep method was applied to aniline electropolymerization on stainless steel electrode in three different concentration of aqueous sulphuric acid solutions (0.5M H2SO4 , 1M H2SO4 and 2M H2SO4 ).The electrodeposited films of polyaniline were investigated and characterized using a simple cyclic voltammetry method to obtain information about the electrochemical properties of the deposited films. The polymerization of aniline on stainless steel via cyclic potential sweep method appears to be high performance for protection of metal anodic in corrosive aqueous media. Also it was found that the corrosive tendency increase with increasing the concentration of the acid and decrease with increasing the cycle number. Chronoamperometry method was used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the electrodeposited film of polyanilne.

In recent years, polymer composites with dielectric constant have been prepared by two routes. The more traditional route is introducing high dielectric constant ceramic fillers, such as BaTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, and CaCu3Ti4O12 into the polymer matrix. However, the high loading (usually over 50 vol%) of ceramic fillers required for enhancing dielectric constant inevitably raises the issues of inhomogeneity and aggregation of the ceramic fillers in the polymer matrix, deteriorating the characteristics resulting in poor mechanical properties such as high dielectric loss. Furthermore, the dielectric enhancement is usually low. Another route focuses on dispersing conductive fillers such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), conductive fibers, and metal particles into the polymer matrix to achieve percolative systems. As the volume fraction of the conductive fillers increases in the vicinity of the percolation threshold, where the conductive fillers connect with each other to form a continuous conducting path, the

In the present work, PVA-Ag nanocomposite films with thickness 0.18 mm, constant silver content (0.4 wt. %) and different time of reactions (0.1, 3, 5, 7, 9 h) were prepared by chemical reduction methods. Structure, surface topology, photoluminescence and electrical properties of PVA-Ag nanocomposite were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), electrometer, atomic force microscope (AFM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared nanocomposites. X-ray patterns showed the existence of Ag-nanoparticles within the PVA polymeric matrix with face centered cube (FCC) phase. It was found that the root mean square (RMS) roughness decrease with increasing the time of reaction. While PL intensity at 427 nm increase as the time of reaction is increased. Frank-poole emission is the prevailing transport mechanism for all samples.

Activated carbon, prepared from sugarcane bagasse waste through a low-temperature chemical carbonization treatment, was used as a support for nano TiO2. TiO2 supported on activated carbon (xTiO2–AC) catalysts, (x = 10, 20, 50, and 70 wt. %), were prepared through a mechano-mixing method. The photo-catalysts were characterized by Raman, XRD, FTIR, SBET, FE-SEM and optical technique. The adsorption and photo-activity of the prepared catalysts (xTiO2–AC) were evaluated using Methylene Blue dye (MB). The photo-catalytic degradation of MB was evaluated under UVC irradiation and visible light. The degradation percentage of the 100 ppm MB at neutral pH using 20TiO2–AC reaches 96 and 91 after 180 min under visible light and UV irradiation, respectively. In other words, these catalysts are more active under visible light than under UV light irradiation, opening the possibility of using solar light for this application.

In this experiment, Δ/Λ-[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O was synthesized and the absorbance in UV-vis spectrum was recorded. Δ/Λ-[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O has an εmax of 197.33 mol–1dm3cm at 466.00nm and 210.39mol–1dm3cm-1 at 338.00nm. and the colour of the crystals obtained were orange. The crude product was then reacted with L-(+)-tartaric acid and 0.59g of the