Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bioaccumulation

Contaminants exist in waste water are either damaging or useful, in both cases they should be extracted whether to discard or to make a use out of it.

There is an array of pollutants capable of contaminating freshwater in different ways (Schiedek et al., 2007). Some of these contaminants include fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture farms, heavy metals such as mercury which are prone to long-range transport and oil spills from pipes in the course of transport of fossil fuels (Kundu et al., 2007). Human activities have also been identified as the most prominent cause of freshwater contamination (Liu et al., 2004). Some of these human activities include improper management of agricultural runoff and sewage disposal methods and the use of energy sources that can emit particulates into the atmosphere, which may eventually end up in freshwater bodies (Li et al., 1999). Approximately 50% of untreated waste water is dumped in freshwater bodies. The consumption of contaminated water may cause illnesses such as cholera and

Hazardous wastes are poisonous byproducts of manufacturing, farming, city septic systems, construction, automotive shops, laboratories, hospitals, and other industries such as Military installations and military training areas. The waste may be liquid, solid, or sludge and contain chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, dangerous pathogens, or other toxins. Even households generate hazardous waste from items such as batteries, used computer equipment, and leftover paints or pesticides. The waste can harm humans, animals, and plants if they encounter these toxins buried in the ground, in stream runoff, in groundwater that supplies drinking

Heavy metals are characteristic parts of the Earth's covering. They can't be debased or destroyed. To a little degree they enter our body by means of drinking water, food and air. As follow components, some substantial metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are crucial to look after the metabolism of the human body. At higher concentrations they can accelerate poisoning. Devastating poisoning of metals arise from drinking-water pollution (e.g. lead channels), high surrounding air fixations close to emission sources, or through food chain.

Based on the calculation data of Concentration-Absorbance plot (Appendix 1), the equation between concentration (mg/ml) and absorbance (AU) is: AU= 1.0057C, R2=0.9924. The concentration change of solutions for continuous 10 min are in Appendix 2. The concentration of solution decreased sharply at first 20 min and then reach the equilibrium after 40 min. According to the adsorption data and equilibrium equation, the beads adsorption abilities can be calculated as following: he saturated adsorptions of beads from Ratio 1 to Ratio 7 are: 24.2020 mg/g, 20.2313 mg/g, 18.0074 mg/g, 15.1917 mg/g, 11.3437 mg/g, 28.0750 mg/g and 20.0573 mg/g. the highest adsorption level of ceramic beads is Ratio 6 (28.0750 mg/g absorption level with the ratio RH: Clay: flour= 5: 4: 0)), the lowest level of beads shows at Ratio 5 (11.3437 mg/g absorption level with the ratio RH: Clay: flour= 1: 8: 1). The saturation level is changed with the change of beads compositions ratios. Figure 3.1 marks the absorption saturation of 7 ratios of beads under the same burning condition.

The influent, after screening and decanting is stored to the flow and organic load equalization tank and then inflows at a rate of QF = 80m3 d-1 to the SNdN activated sludge system. The SNdN system actually functions as an autonomous treatment plant where oxidation of organic pollutants, nitrification/denitrification and suspended solids sedimentation are taking place. Furthermore a sludge recycling from the secondary clarifier to the aeration tank is performed so as to ensure the required microbiological load (5000 ± 450 mg L-1). The aeration tank of the SNdN activated sludge system operates under low D.O. concentration (between 0,2 to 0,7 mg L-1). According to Mercalf and Eddy (2003), under low D.O. concentration conditions, low nitrification rates result, as the activated sludge floc will be partially aerobic. Denitrification occurs in the anoxic zones within the floc particles due to oxygen depletion. These conditions results nitrogen removal in a single aeration tank, referred as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (Mercalf and Eddy, 2003). In such systems, although usually both nitrification and denitrification are occurring at low rates, relative high SRT and HRT values achieves significant nitrogen removal (Mercalf and Eddy, 2003). The SRT and HRT values of the SNdN system studied are 29 and 0,75 days respectively.

Physico-chemical methods such as chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation or reduction, filtration, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, membrane technology and evaporation recovery have been widely used to remove heavy metal ions. These technologies usually produce wastes with high concentrations of metals which are a significant source of environmental pollution. Furthermore, the above methods may be ineffective or expensive, especially when the heavy metal concentrations

Another aspect of bioremediation that has received attention is the use of yeast to remediate environmental pollutants. Yeasts are known to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions, making it ideal for bioremediation. Most yeast is catalytically

The contaminated sites are directly treated using the microorganisms. Underground petroleum pipes sometimes have leakages. Such sites of contamination are directly treated with microorganisms that can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. The same is applicable in case of oil spills and heavy metal contamination. Phytoremediation is brought about by certain special plants which can take up the pollutants and make them less available in the soil. Some examples of such plants are mustard, alpine pennycress, hemp and pigweed. When the soil which is to be treated with the microorganisms is stimulated by providing it with oxygen, it is known as bioventing. Bioleaching is a process where living organisms or microorganisms are used to extract metals from their respective ores. This process ensures that there is not much expenditure of both chemicals and energy to bring about the extraction. Land farming refers to amending the soil with organic amendments like vermicompost, bulking agents etc which are tilled into

Environmental pollutants are becoming increasingly present throughout the world as industrial progress has expanded in countries like China. Among these environmental pollutants, Cadmium has been characterized as the most dangerous heavy metal ion because of its resiliency and numerous negative health effects (Kermani et. Al., 2010). Growing dependence on chemical fertilizer, wastewater irrigation, and uncontrolled discharge of industrial waste from activities, such as mining and smelting, has led to large amounts of Cadmium in soil (Nazar et. Al., 2012).

Adsorption technique can mix the wastewater and porous material powder or granules, such as activated carbon and clay, or let the wastewater through its filter bed composed of granular materials. Through this method, pollutants in the wastewater are adsorbed and removed on the surface of the porous material or filter [27].Various adsorbents

The rapid growth of human population and industrialization has lead to the environmental pollution and the world is facing problems with a wide variety of pollution (Kshirsagar, 2013). The release of wastewater poses serious environmental challenges to the receiving water bodies (De-Bashan et al., 2002). Today, the demand for clean water is increasing worldwide and the main challenge of wastewater treatment is not only to produce clean water but it also support new developments (Velan and Saravanane, 2013). The process of bioremediation depends on the metabolic potential of microorganisms to detoxify or transform the pollutant, which is further dependent on accessibility and bioavailability (Bhatnagar and Kumari, 2013). Remediation can be enhanced by the addition of various microorganisms, called seeding or inoculation, to a polluted environment to promote increased rate of biodegradation (Antizar-Ladislao et al., 2008).

Table 001 demonstrates a chemical removal rate of 97 ± 3 % after the MBT. Particularly, fragrances were eliminated with 100% efficiency by MBT (6932 ng/L to 0 ng/L). In case of PhtBio, fragrances and regulated compounds reduced 86% to 90% (from 137 ng/L to14ng/L) in all tested effluent (Diaz-Garduno et al., 2017). Among psychiatric drugs and stimulants, MBT removed all of the concentrations of caffeine(CAFF) and carbamazepine(CBZ) to under detection limit with 100% efficiency (5262 ng/L to 0 ng/L). Ranitidine(RANI) was removed at 71% of efficiency with another tertiary methodology like membrane bioreactor (Kovalova, Siegrist, Singer, Wittmer, & McArdell, 2012). However, in case of benzafibrate(BFIF) and fenofibrate(FENO), MBT was unable to perform well (Diaz-Garduno et al., 2017). Whereas, higher concentrations of some xenobiotics like

With the fast advancement of enterprises, water asset shortage, populace development, contamination of surface and groundwater by releasing poisonous wastewater and ensuing maladies may raise the need of reusing and treatment of wastewater. The expelling of poisonous overwhelming metal particles from sewage, particularly in modern and mining waste effluents, has been generally examined as of late. Substantial metals wastewaters are specifically or in a roundabout way released into the earth progressively, particularly in creating nations. Dissimilar to natural contaminants, substantial metals are not biodegradable and have a tendency to aggregate in living life forms and numerous overwhelming metal particles are known to be poisonous or

The characteristics of the biochar derived from pine fruit residue are shown in Table -1. The adsorptive properties of sorbent are greatly dependent on their particle size and distribution throughout the mass. Effective size and uniformity coefficient are the two important parameters for treatment of contaminated water using adsorbent as filtering media in column operation where control of particle size is critical. The effective size corresponds to the sieve size through which 10% of the material will pass, and the uniformity coefficient is the ratio of the sieve size that will just pass 60% of the material to the effective size. Generally, the rate of adsorption get enhanced as the particle size decreases due availability of increased surface area. Therefore, the adsorbent with smaller effective sizes provide better adsorption capacity due to better the access to the surface area and faster the rate of adsorption. The typical range of effective size and uniformity coefficient for activated carbon as adsorbent media practiced satisfactory is D10 = 0.15-0.35 mm and Cu = 2-3 respectively. In our case, Table 1 shows that the biochar prepared have an effective size of 0.055 mm and uniformity coefficient 2.87. The more uniform adsorbent media is expected to provide the slower head loss buildup and therefore, careful consideration of particle sized distribution is must for dynamic column design.