Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biosurfactants

The bacterium is capable of producing biofilms that allow microorganisms to stick to solid surfaces forming an attachment, which is enclosed by a slime layer ("Staphylococcus epidermis"). Biofilms protect pathogens from being destroyed by disinfectants inside human bodies ("Staphylococcus epidermis"). In other words, biofilms aid pathogens in causing diseases by releasing microbial products ("Staphylococcus

Chemical antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds capable of either inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or killing them outright. Those which are taken internally to alleviate the symptoms of or promote healing from disease are called chemotherapeutic drugs, and among these is a class of compounds called antibiotics. In order for a chemotherapeutic drug to be classed as an antibiotic, it must be produced by a microorganism such as bacterium or fungus or at least derived from a chemical produced by one. It must also be capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and of doing so when taken in very small quantities.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key opportunistic pathogen characterized by high-level antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation (1).Biofilm is a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix adherent to an inert or living surface. Biofilmproducing organisms are more antimicrobial resistant than organisms without biofilm. In some extreme cases, the concentrations of antimicrobials required to kill biofilm positive organisms can be three- to four-fold higher than for biofilm negative bacteria, depending on the species and drug combination (2). Biofilms have great importance for public health as they are the main cause of nosocomial infections, especially implant-based and chronic infections (3). Antibiotic resistance in biofilms is due to a combination of many factors that act together to result in a level of resistance that is much higher than that of planktonic bacteria (4,5).

Bacitracin (B-10) was measured at 0mm in diameters. There was no susceptibility. Therefore, with the zone size as 0, Escherichia coli was resistant to bacitracin

This fat is triglycerides and is made up of excess calories, alcohol and sugar. Since this fat is directly from the diet, cholesterol testing can help show what can be done to decrease it and prevent coronary artery disease.

What are surfactants? Surfactants are chemicals that reduce the surface tension between two liquids such as water and oil. It connects both polar and non-polar molecules. Surfactants contain both a water-loving head and oil-loving tail.

Initially, it was thought that triclosan was a non-specific biocide that targets and disrupts the cell membrane of both gram positive and gram negative pathogens. This would then lead to an inability for the bacteria to acquire nutrients and eventually would inhibit proliferation [8]. It is now known that Triclosan specifically targets and inhibits the FabI protein which is encoded by the fabI gene. FabI is also referred to as Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase and is essential for the elongation of fatty acids. By inhibiting the FabI protein, Triclosan stops phospholipid bilayer formation. This biocide inhibits FabI by forming a specific ternary structure between Fabi, Triclosan and NADPH [8],

Cell wall of bacteria contains rigid and complex structure which maintains the cytoplasm of cell gives structural integrity and prevents osmotic lysis. Both Garm positive and Gram negative bacteria contain a carbohydrate complex structure called Peptidoglycan also called Muerin. The layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria whereas in Gram negative bacteria the peptidoglyacan layer is thinner; moreover this is protected by an outer membrane layer called Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The Peptidoglycan consists of two monomers called N-Acetylglucosamine(NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic acid(NAM). These two carbohydrate containing monomers are linked by glycosidic linkages. A pentapeptide bond attaches to NAM which gives crosslinkage and rigidity to the layer.

Rhodococci have the ability to produce surfactant molecules, which contain strong hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups and also migrate to interfaces between oil and aqueous phases. Some biosurfactants, including some Rhodococcus produced surfactants that are more efficient, more degradable and less toxic than synthetic surfactants. The relevance of surfactants to biodegradation of pollutants is threefold; the cellular surfactants cause adherence of rhodococci to hydrophobic phases in two phases and surfactants lower the interfacial tension between the phases, making it easier for hydrophobic compounds to enter the cell. At the same time extracellular surfactants disperse hydrophobic compounds that increase the surface area for the attachment of mycolic acids.1

and Rhodomonas sp., cultured at 25 0C were the saturated fatty acid 16:0 and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 18:3n-3 and 18:4n-3. Among the saturated fatty acids, there were clear linear relationships between temperature and percentages of the fatty acid 16:0 in Cryptomonas sp. and Rhodomonas

Bacterial biofilms are a major barrier in terms of wound healing. During cell to cell

Based on the results of the batch cultures, in the previous chapter, the authors decided to investigate 15 g, 25 g, and 35 g of 500 mg/g of 95% LIPC for the in vivo study. Day 0 samples confirmed that opportunistic bacteria were present. SBEC bacterial concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.008) as LIPC dose increased but concentrations were similar for 0 and 15 (Table 5.1). As the dose of LIPC increased the concentration of C. perfringens decreased linearly (P = 0.03). The remaining three opportunistic bacteria strains, C. difficile, E. coli general, and E. coli K-12, were not significant (P ≥ 0.20) across treatments. Numerically, 25 had the lowest concentration of E. coli general, and 0 had the lowest concentration of C. difficile. Although increasing the dose of LIPC decreased C. perfringens the observation that increasing the dose also increases SBEC would suggest that there may be no additional benefit of dosing LIPC above the recommended rate. However, this would also suggest that the nutraceutical reaches the cecum without being compromised in the stomach during the digestion process.

AIM : Thin-Layer Chromatography can show many different characteristics of a mixture. It is recognized for isolation , separation ,identification, and anaylsis of the mixture’s components. The purpose of this experiment is to separate carbohydrates into its pure components such as mixtures of monosacrides by TLC. TLC is used to identify sugars in normal and pancreatic disease urine, the procedure is easy and reproducible .

In industrial scale production, microorganism such as bacteria and fungi was fully expressed the lipase. The advantage of using bacteria producing

A clear aqueous solution of carbohydrates to be analyzed is placed in a test tube, then phenol and sulfuric acid are added.The solution turns a yellow- orange color as a result of the interaction between the carbohydrates and phenol. The sulfuric acid causes all non- reducing sugars to be converted to reducing sugars so that this method determines the total sugar present. This method is non- stoichemetric and so it is necessary to prepare a calibration curve using a series of standard known carbohydrate concentration (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phenol-sulfuric acid method).