Reduced Dosage Essay

Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of theophylline anhydrous in conjunction with microcrystalline cellulose, led to the formation of the monohydrate form of the drug. This is significant because the monohydrate has slower dissolution than the anhydrous form of theophylline. Thus the method of manufacture is highly important as the study showed directly compressed pellets had better dissolution profiles. Also it shows the importance of the choice of excipients as pellets manufactured via wet granulation in the absence of microcrystalline cellulose showed similar release to that of directly anhydrous theophylline.

Place the third tablet and place it on a sheet of paper. Take the unused beaker and crush the tablet to where it is a powder. Then, take a pencil and remove any powder on the bottom of the beaker. Take all the powder from the sheet of paper and pour all of the powder into the dry (unused) beaker.

Wordell also explained that sustained release tablets have two important advantages over other drugs, one “they are effective for a longer period of time” and “two they frequently cause fewer adverse reactions.” Since sustained release tablets are designed to release the drug slowly over time, crushing or damaging the “wax matrix” may cause the patient to “receive too much of the drug too soon” and the patient “may suffer increased adverse reactions” as explained by Wordell. The expected effect of the drug may also not be met and the symptoms may reoccur before the next schedule dose Wordell further expressed. Sustained released capsule “contains beads” that releases the drugs in the same process as that of sustained release tablets. While you may be able to open a sustained release capsule and mixing the “beads” which food or juice, you must be very carefully and ensure that the beads or not popped during mixing Wordell emphasized. This will also cause the patient to receive too much of the drug at a much faster rate and this will also cause very serious adverse

Marcela Ramirez-Campos Y et al reported that the effect of formulation variables on verapamil hydrochloride release from hydrated HPMC matrices, among different variables that influence drug release from hydrated hydrophilic matrices, the polymer proportion, the drug dose and the matrix pH can be included. The release profiles showed zero order kinetics for drug dissolution proportions up to 70%.The increase of the matrix pH from 5.0 to 8.0 increased the release rate. The effect of both pH and drug load becomes lesser as the matrix polymer proportion increases from 5% to 15% w/w.

Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of

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Patterson et al. used three poorly water soluble drugs (carbamazepine, dipyridamole and indomethacin) with a polymer polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) at a 1:2 drug polymer ratio to prepare glass solutions of the drugs. The glass solution was referring to an amorphous solid in which the solute will disperse in the solid solvent on a molecular level. (Patterson et al., 2007).

Drug content determined of different batch microcapsules by taking around 50mg of microcapsules in a mortar and microcapsules were crushed into powder by a pastel. 15mg of crushed powder were weighed by weighing box in an electronic balance and dissolved into 0.1N NaOH and make the volume upto 100ml. Then sonicate the solution for about an half an hour. The solution was diluted to 10 times by taking 5ml of the solution in a 50ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH up to the mark. The absorbance of these diluted samples were taken at 257nm wave length. Then 10mg standard was taken in a 100ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH upto the mark. The solution was diluted to 10times taking 5ml of the solution in a 50ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH upto the mark. The absorbance of the diluted solution was taken at 257nm wave length. From the standard preparation the corresponding concentration of thr absorbance was converted to the amount of drug present in 15mg of powder. Then the average percentage of the drug content was

Capsules, gel caps containing the medication in the form of a powder, granulate or liquid wrapped around a gel mold, that dissolves in the stomach (Pudmed Health, 2012). Even though gel caps medicines, such as the one used in this experiment, Aacetaminophen extra strength rapid release gel caps , dissolve mainly in the stomach, awaiting for a further process to be absorbed, to reach the bloodstream, very little acetaminophen is absorbed from the stomach (Shekhawat and & Pokharkar, 2016) Acetaminophen can affect the stomach pH. The pH-partition hypothesis is that the partition of a weak acid is strong acid across the stomach membranes would be large; making a lower or higher pH, from stomach natural pH of around 1.3 (Raffa et al., 2014). Measuring the dissolve rate and pH is very is vital to understand if generic or brand medicine work

The formulation of veterinary pharmaceuticals are develop according to the techniques and procedures uses in developing human drug dosage form as the fundamental pharmaceuticals development techniques required is similar. Examples of such practice include preformulation data package, drug stability assessment and expiry date, sterility declaration, drug pharmaco kinetics, and manufacturing processes. Veterinary drug products are also exposed to the same Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the human drug products. (Gregory E. Hardee, 1998)

There are a few major factors that will influence our marketing strategy. Within the internal environment, the “Melt Away” product has its own strengths and weaknesses. One of its strengths are how compact and portable the packaging is. They can easily be slipped into a purse or wallet without the sound of pills rattling around in the bottle. Also, they dissolve on the tongue instead of being swallowed like a pill. This is beneficial because many people have difficulty swallowing pills and don’t like the bitter taste of liquid medicine.

Minimum risk of suffocation in airways due to physical obstruction when rapidmelts are swallowed, thus they provide improved safety and compliance with their administrations.

Naruka. Formulation and Evaluation of Fast dissolving Tablets of Valsartan. International Journal of pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 1. Issue 1. July-Sept 2009

Binders are important constituents of the tablet formulation, which perform at processing time, during compression when powder from inlets arrives in between punch and die cavity. The hold between particles is required at time of compression; otherwise, a solid mass of tablet will not produce (Figure 2 above). Binders provide a bond in between particles thus particles are held together and a tablet attains mechanical strength (Hardik Patel et al., 2011) .The adhesion

In the present study development of a polymer-based matrix tablet was undertaken to produce a sustained-release dosage form of Acebrophylline, since this dosage forms is relatively simple and cheap to produce when compared to other. Different batches of drug Acebrophylline tablets were manufactured by wet granulation technique, and evaluated for Pharmacopoeial and non-Pharmacopoeial specifications. Dissolution testing was undertaken using USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle Type), which allowed for a more realistic assessment and prediction of in vitro drug release rates. Samples were analysed using a high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC). Formulation F5 shows optimum drug release. Drug and rate retarding polymers ratio used in this formulation were Methocel K100 LV (14.86% w/w) and Methocel K4M (10.14%w/w), in ratio (5.4:1.34:1). The results of in vitro drug release studies were treated with zero order, first order kinetics, Higuchi, Hixon-Crowell and Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. In our experiments, the in‐vitro release profiles of drug from all the formulations could be best expressed by Higuchi’s equation, as the plots showed high linearity (r2= 0.972 to 0.999 ) to confirm the diffusion mechanism. The data were fitted into Korsemeyer‐Peppas model. All formulations F1 to F6 showed high linearity (r2= 0.969 to 0.998), with slope (n) values ranging from 0.383 to 0.683. This indicates that F1,F2 and F3 shows purely diffusion and F4, F5 and F6 shows coupling of diffusion and