Advantages And Disadvantages Of Integrated Circuits

New sciences have also contributed to technology, as in the theoretical preparation for the invention of the steam engine. In the 20th century, innovations in semiconductor technology increased the performance and decreased the cost of electronic materials and devices by a factor of a million, an achievement unparalleled in the history of any technology.”

3D Packaging has introduced a new concept in the semiconductors market to sustain Moore’s Law with minimal cost. It has been widely adopted in the market; e.g Apple A7 and iPhone 5S with a POP configured the package. [5] Current 3D packaging focuses on the processing of wafers and TSV fabrications. However, the 3D assembly will become more complicated, unreliable, and less productive, if this rapid exponential increase of the transistors keeps growing. Due to that, the electronic assembly will have few billions of nanoparticle in the future, thus there will be constraints on reducing the chip size. Instead, the number of transistors on the board could be increased while the chip size

ABSTRACT- An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that is inspired by the way biological nervous systems, such as the brain, process information [1]. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) also called neuro-computing, or parallel distributed processing (PDP), provide an alternative approach to be applied to problems where the algorithmic and symbolic approaches are not well suited. The objective of the neural network is to transform the inputs into meaningful outputs. There are many researches which show that brain store information as pattern. Some of these patterns are very complicated and allows us to recognize from different angles. This paper gives a review of the artificial neural network and analyses the techniques in terms of performance.

The ability of performing logic operation and signal multiplexing in the memory layer will drastically improve the overall system performance, and will also allow better utilization of the underneath CMOS layer (Figure 1 2).

The advantages of interrupt driven I/O over programmed I/O is that in interrupt driven I/O the interrupt mechanisms free I/O devices quickly.

The Role of Components within a given computer system in the Production and Manipulation of Graphics

Processor (or Central Processor Unit, CPU) is a computer brain and has the function to fetch, decode and execute and is located in the motherboard. By placing a CPU in a wrong place it brakes.

3. Increased reliability. If functions can be distributed properly among several processors, then the failure of one processor will not halt the system, only slow it down. If we have ten processors and one fails, then each of the remaining nine processors can pick up a share of the work of the failed processor. Thus, the entire system runs only 10 percent slower, rather than failing

Refer to a computational system that is an integral part of another mechanism or device

The functions of computers have evolved throughout the years. Central processing units can be used for managing servers; they can also be used as personal desktop computers in addition to notebook computers. The first generation of central processing units consisted of having a magnetic core memory, while the second generation of central processing units consisted in the arrival of transistors. After the 1960’s, the third generation of central processing units gave us an increase in the production of microprocessors.

For only physically representing two states: off and on, the transistor has done much more than perhaps initially imagined. The transistor enabled the information age: interconnectivity, intricate analysis, the internet, data storage. Currently, thousands and millions of transistors are rarely more than a meter away; minute processors run many products. Commonplace computing is incredibly successful, and, consequently, corporations are constantly looking for new, ingenious, and assistive applications for the technology. Having conquered typical computers, phones, cars, cameras, and notebooks, companies are experimenting with injecting processing chips into everyday objects and with connecting those objects to the internet. The term for this

PCs have now turn out to be exceptionally key parts of our lives. PC are crucial parts of our life. With our expanding need and utilization of PCs, assets needed for processing likewise increment. To adapt up to these expanding processing assets, larges firms like Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo and so on tackle their assets. They all are growing there own mechanical progression in different fields of figuring. One of the field, which is OS.

Microchips were invented in the late 1950 's the problem was it only held about ten components, including transistors which helped control the flow of electricity. In 1974, Intel introduce a chip with over 2,800 transistors. The microchip started to shrink as technology started to advance.

A Microcontroller is a single-chip microcomputer that contains all the components such as the CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers.

The popularity of microcomputers is also growing at a rapid pace. These computers have many different forms such as ; A desktop computer, a laptop computer, tablets, PDAs and smartphones. These computers were created to satisfy the needs of people for their everyday life applications such as gaming, browsing the internet, spreadsheet applications and chatting to people that are across the globe! Unlike the other types of computers, these computers were designed mainly for single person use rather than thousands of users connecting to them at once. These computers are the cheaper than the other three types of computers and generally consist of a Microprocessor. Desktop computers include motherboard which includes sound cards, video cards, input ports such as USB, HDMI and analog jacks and also output