Advantages And Disadvantages Of Leaded Additives

* When we burn hydrocarbon fuels in the air the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel are completely oxidized. They produce carbon dioxide and water.

The purpose of the lab was to determine the ratio of air to acetylene results in complete combustion of acetylene gas. The balanced chemical equation for this experiment was C2H2(g) + O2(g) --> CO2(g)+ H2O(l). Complete combustion is the reaction of an element or compound with oxygen to produce the most common oxides and energy. Complete combustion occurs when the fuel and oxygen combine in exact proportions to completely burn the fuel, which leaves a clean test tube. Incomplete combustion is the reaction of an element or compound with oxygen to produce some oxides with less oxygen than the most common oxides. Incomplete combustion occurs when there is not enough oxygen to react

Some nitrous oxides sulfur oxides lead to acid rain. It can have harmful effects on plants, animals and buildings. Oil spill in Gulf of Mexico this year caused ecological disaster. “An explosion occurred on the semi-submersible offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 rig workers and injuring 17 others. On April 24, it was found that the wellhead was damaged and was leaking oil into the Gulf. This significant spill poses a serious threat to wildlife, affecting as many as 400 species along the coastal areas of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida.” (Curry L. Hagerty, 2010) The number of fossil fuels is limited. Even they are enough now. Are they still enough in 50 years? So it is a time for our human beings to decide how to deal with the relationship with fossil fuels.

Gasoline are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (Gary et al, J., 2007) additives, and blending agents. The composition of gasoline depends on the refinery processes, the crude oil used, the overall balance of product demand, and the especially the product specifications. The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume) is: 4-8% alkanes; 2-5% alkenes; 25-40% isoalkanes; 3-7% cycloalkanes; l-4% cycloalkenes; and 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene). Table 1 shows

Unfortunately, it has proven to be deadly for humans, especially for children. Lead production shifted into high gear in the 1920’s. Chemists figured out lead could be marketed in gasoline which is called tetraethyl-lead (TEL). The creation of this product led to the birth of the Ethyl Lead Corporation (ELC). ELC formed in 1923 by General Motors and Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. It was purchased by Albermarle Paper Manufacturing Company in Richmond, Virginia in 1962. General Motors sold the company due to the growing concerns of the product. Researchers discovered that TEL contributed to the soil, air, and water lead pollution and toxic to humans. Lead made the gasoline more efficient, however; its lead pollution levels increased over 625 times over the previous levels. The Lead levels were a huge concern for General Motors. They did not want to be liable for anything. During the 70's and 80's, car manufacturers moved towards unleaded gasoline, but the damage was

The burning of gasoline by automobiles releases carbon dioxide and other types of air pollution

The enthalpy of combustion of naphthalene was experimentally determined to be -5030.44 ± 78.98 kJ/mol which was a 2.5% error from the literature value of -5160 ± 20 kJ/mol.2 The theoretical enthalpy of combustion of solid naphthalene was calculated to be -6862.68 kJ/mol using bond energies for the gaseous molecules, the heat of vaporization of liquid water and the literature value of the heat of sublimation of naphthalene, which was 72 ± 4 kJ/mol.2 The absolute value of the difference between the theoretical heat of combustion and the literature

With the supply of fossil fuels steadily declining, gas and oil is becoming harder to harvest which means it is getting more expensive. Fossil fuels take millions of years to be naturally produced, yet each person burns gallons of gas per day (Maehlum par. 5). Though fossil fuels are produced naturally, when burned they release nitrogen oxides gases into the atmosphere, which contributes to the formation of smog and acid rain. According to the EPA, major sources of these nitrogen oxide emissions come from cars and trucks, coal-fire powered plants, large industrial operations, and ships and airplanes (EPA par 3). By reducing the number of gas powered cars on the road, we can reduce the amount of harmful chemicals we are releasing into our atmosphere.

One resolution to the fuel pollution issue uses the idea of reinvention to curb the damage that smoke and fuel causes to the environment. A U.S. company, Sea Change LLC. paired with the Maine Maritime Academy to create a more friendly fuel (“1”). The engineering classes at the academy along with chemists created a fuel that burned cleaner and safer for the environment. The fuel used mirco-glycerol droplets mixed with ultra-low sulfur diesel to reduce harmful emissions and as a result found a reduction in smoke by 25 to 50 percent (“1”). In addition Nitrogen Oxide levels showed a reduction by 5 to 15 percent compared to regular low-sulfur diesel at equivalent horsepower (“1”). This hard work truly paid off big for these two entities and they showed that with some ingenuity safer ways of burning fuel just wait to be

They can be found in/are paint thinners, fingernail polish remover, degreasers, dry-cleaning fluids, gasoline, contact cement, hairspray, spray paint, deodorant spray, vegetable oil sprays, and fabric protector spray, Butane lighters, propane tanks, whipped cream dispensers, refrigerant gases, and anesthetics.

Walters Snelling. 1912 propane started being used as a commercial product for items like stoves, heaters, and barbecues. For having a very relatively narrow flammable limit with a lower explosive limit of 2.2 and an upper explosive limit of 9.6. Being used for fuel in common Used vehicles like forklifts in trash trucks to every day sedans. Considerd to be a natural gas with a chemical make up that is C3H8. When propane is contained with a sufficient amount of pressure it can be compressed to a liquid. When exposed to the atmosphere it vaporizes. However because propane is a heavier than air gas if it leaks from its container the vapors will stay low to the ground. During transportation of propane it is compressed to a liquid in order to move higher quantities at one time. Propane is transported using a DOT 331 tank on highway and on the railroad a DOT 105a300w which are tested to withstand thousands of pounds of pressure to allow for the liquefaction of the

Many of the chemicals have documented adverse health effects in humans, and are considered priority pollutants by the EPA. Naphthalene(C10H8), a chemical used in the hydraulic fracturing process has been reported in the air and water near the operations. And can result in increased hormone levels and reproductive abnormalities in humans and animals.

CO2 is the most significant greenhouse gas, which mainly comes from the use of fossil fuels. Many people feel that content of CO2 in the atmosphere is the main reason for manmade global warming. The main sources of CO2 emissions involve electricity generation, industrial processes, fumes from transportation and commercial buildings and use. Emissions of greenhouse gases, such as CO2, to the atmosphere are expected to cause even more of a significant change in global climate (Davison, 2007). The main focus to try to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is to reduce the amount that is released from coal-fired power plants. Greenhouse gas emissions that involve the productions of electricity come from natural gas production and coal-fired power plant operations. Natural gas production accounts for twenty-four percent and coal-fired power plant operations accounts for seventy-five percent, while the other one percent is caused by other electricity generation operations. The main reason why coal-fired power plants have a higher percentage of emissions is because the sulfur content of coal is much higher than that of other fossil fuels (Jarmaillo et al., 2007). This proves that there is a great need to find an alternative fossil fuel to use instead of coal. Although coal is easy to mine, transport and process for the electricity generation process, it is also the

This equation is representative of a stoichiometric air fuel ratio (14.7:1). However under normal driving conditions an engine will encounter lean conditions when cruising on the highway (better milage) and rich conditions when accelerating (better power). The lean condition results in oxide and harmful nitrogen compound production. Rich conditions result in carbon monoxide production. For this reason a catalytic converter is used on most larger engines.

The next major gas is carbon dioxide.  “Small amounts of carbon dioxide in the air helps keep heat in the Earth in the vital process of the Greenhouse Effect.  As car exhausts and industries continue to shoot carbon dioxide in the air, the amount of carbon dioxide will increase.  This causes more heat to be kept, increasing the Earth’s temperature”(What Is The Greenhouse Effect).