Advantages And Disadvantages Of Male Circumcision

Rarely, the foreskin does not heal properly or the cut may be made too short or too long. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends circumcision because there are a lot more benefits than risks, but the decision is entirely up to the parents.

The most common risks associated with neonatal circumcision include loss of penile sensation, bleeding, infection, unsatisfactory cosmesis because of excess skin, skin bridges, and urinary retention. Most complications are minor and studies show that there is a 0.2% to 0.6% complication rate. (WHO, 2009) More drawbacks of circumcision can include different elements that effect sexual function. The removed foreskin is erogenous tissue that contains a number of nerve endings that can contribute to the sexual response of the penis. When retracted, the foreskin provides loose skin on the shaft of the penis, which facilitates sexual intercourse. Also, the foreskin is a protector of the sensitive glans that can lose sensitivity from constant exposure

the act of circumcision, both boys and girls are able to take on new responsibilities in their

According to a published report in the August 16th 2010 edition of the New York Time’s parents are choosing less and less to circumcise their new born sons. The article states instances of circumcision have declined “to just 32.5 percent in 2009 from 56 percent in 2006. The numbers are based on calculations by SDI Health, a company in Plymouth Meeting, Pa. that analyzes health care data”. Why are so many deciding to not have the elective procedure even though the rate of complication is extraordinarily low? What about the arguments for hygiene, sexual satisfaction, psychological and social concerns and, lest we dismiss, religious views?

The topic of the infant male circumcision is a controversial subject in the United States. This procedure involves a non-reversible surgical procedure that removes the prepuce, commonly called the foreskin, thus exposing the glans of the penis (Blank, et al., 2012). Currently this is considered a cosmetic procedure per surgical standards, and is performed upon the request of the parents of the newborn. The decision to have a circumcision performed is usually based upon personal, cultural, and religious factors. However, the overall view of the impact of the procedure on the newborn infant varies in our country, and has led to two conflicting camps of ideology. The pro-circumcision movement focuses on the potential health benefits gained of a circumcision, and feels it is a necessary procedure. The anti-circumcision movement claims there are no health benefits and that the procedure violates the fundamental human rights of the infant (Collier, 2012). Following extensive research, I have found that there is evidence-based proof that circumcision improves the overall health of the male newborn, with prolonged health benefits into adulthood. Circumcisions provide the health benefits of decreased rates of urinary tract infections(UTIs), reduced transmission of sexually transmitted disease, prevention of phimosis, and improved penile hygiene (Blank, et al., 2012, Marx & Lawton, 2008, Morris, Bailis, & Wiswell, 2014).

Females bodies are forcefully mutilated and depreciated to supposably better their lives when they become older despite health complications and failed child birth. Mother’s who cared about her daughter's future embraced circumcision. At a very young age mothers would take their daughters to an Elder with little to no education about the female reproductive organs” slicing off all or part of a woman's clitoris and labia as part of a ceremony that is often conducted around the time that the woman reaches puberty”(Khazan) A female who was not circumcised wasn't considered as normal and thought never to be married to a desirable husband. People felt like “ [...it will make a woman look more beautiful in the eyes of her husband…]”(Corbett). Woman depreciated their self-worth by mutilating their bodies to please or to be accepted

The foreskin is full of nerve endings. When you cut this off, you are reducing your son's sensitivity by up to 40%! This is a choice he should make on his own, if he decides he wants it as an adult.

According to The Columbia Encyclopedia (2012), circumcision is a surgical procedure for removing the foreskin that covers the head (also known as glans) of the penis. Circumcision is practiced widely in the Middle East and other parts of the world with Jewish and Muslim populations. The practice is a part of Jewish religious practices while it is a traditional practice among the Muslims. Circumcision has also been common in the United States although it has declined considerably in recent decades. Circumcision is administered to infant boys while this is not mandatory in the cultures where it is practiced. Local anesthesia

In the USA, newborn male circumcision is a very common procedure, three-quarters of American men are circumcised. Though the rate of infant circumcision has always been high in the USA, the number varies depending on the State, “Circumcision rates vary wildly across the country - from more than 80% of newborns in states including Nebraska, Iowa, Wisconsin and Kentucky, to around 20% on the West coast, according to some calculations” (Hebblethwaite, C.,2012, August 21). However, in other countries, such as The UK, rates dropped after the National Health Service (NHS) rules that circumcisions was not medically necessary, so it would not be covered. In 1948 one-third of UK men were circumcised and now about 9% of men are. On the other hand, countries

since they are not. Some countries it is the norm to leave a child uncircumsized, where currently in

There is also a health issue here because these procedures are usually performed under unsanitary conditions. They use tools non-sterilized like knives, scalpels or a piece of glass to do the cutting and there is no use of any anesthetics. Normal risks of circumcision include hemorrhage, severe pain, shock, infection, and even death.

Female circumcision in the Global South is a controversial regarding this topic. People are continuingly debating about it how harmful the practice. People who are against the practice claimed that the practice is very harmful for these young girls and women. This practice is not only physically harmful, but also psychologically affect them. So anti-female circumcision is doing everything in their power to stop the practice in the Global South. Program such as the TOSTAN is encouraging young girl to say no the practice. On the other hand, there are people who defending the female circumcision. They claim that the practice has not harm. And they are denying the fact that this practice decreases sexual pleasure in these young women and female.

Female circumcision has been a cultural tradition practiced in different parts of the world for many years in order to secure virginity until marriage. In Africa female genital mutilation tradition is a part of the Muslim culture and parts of the Middle East, for the women to be desirable by her husband. (JPEG) Consequently, girls the ages of 4 through 14 are to endure the severe pains of female circumcision in order to not betray their culture and family beliefs. (Ali, 2016) In the US, the estimated number of females between 15 and 49, who are either at risk of genital mutilation or who have already undergone a procedure, has reached more than 500,000, triple the amount reported in the 1990 national census. (Female genital mutilation in the US tripled in 25 years, 2015) This controversial practice performed on females lead advocates to believe that this is a form of female genital mutilation that must come to an end. (Ali, 2016)

This study is the first randomized controlled trial comparing neonatal pain in Mogen circumcision to Gomco clamp since the American Academy of Pediatrics required in 1999 that all such procedures be performed under anesthesia. Although both techniques had minimal complications, Mogen circumcision was observed to be faster, and associated with decreased heart rate as well as mean arterial blood pressure when compared to Gomco. Furthermore, despite there being no difference in the clinically validated neonatal pain score CRIES (crying, requires increased oxygen administration, increased vital

Although many western cultures denounce these practices as being barbaric and unfair these western cultures actually practice genital surgery on children. For example, many baby boys in the United States are circumcised at birth for both aesthetic reasons and for health concerns. Children born with both male and female genitalia are seen as medical emergencies and surgeries to correct this anomaly are done as soon as possible.