Advantages And Disadvantages Of Membrane Filtration

In the United States and in most of the world food dyes are exceedingly common. In addition to this, they have been brought into question as being dangerous for human and environmental health. From general observation and knowledge about this topic I knew that Red #40 dye (Allura Red AC) is at the height of this controversy. After some initial research, I discovered more information on Azo dyes, their effect on the environment, as well as wastewater treatment used to decontaminate water containing these dyes. This led to my interest on the topic of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) as a fairly recent solution to environmental issues regarding contaminants in water. I was curious to see how these processes work, as well as

Water plays a vital role in nearly all key processes of human life. From merely sustaining it in less developed countries, all the way up to being the cornerstone of many technological and industrial processes in modern America. The average consumption ranges from 5.4 liters in Madagascar to over 500 hundred liters in America1. This large consumption in the developed world can largely be attributed to the many technological advances and industrial processes that sustain our way of life today. However this water is rarely ever pure, usually it contains numerous minerals such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ that can contribute to scale build up in industrial processes that cause inefficiency and structural damage. This experiment serves to evaluate several filtration processes to see which is most efficient at removing minerals that contribute to water hardness and thus scale formation. First however we will gain a better understanding of water hardness.

Purpose: To demonstrate the treatment steps that a typical municipal water treatment plant utilize, which include coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration, to filter and disinfect to comply with the EPA’s standards when entering distribution system and our homes. Materials: 500 mL of turbid surface water (contains 600 mg/L clay) 500 L glass beaker 10 mL glass beaker 10 mL graduated cylinder 6 mL concentrated ferric chloride (FeCl3, 4000 mg/L) stirring rod turbidimeter Method: Collect 500 mL of tap water to the 500 mL glass beaker.

The water we drink straight out of the tap contains chlorine. The municipal water supply companies have to add the chlorine to kill bacteria and make our water safe. However, chlorine is a known carcinogen. In addition the EPA estimates that one-fifth of our public water supplies contain VOC's (volatile organic chemicals) which can create a wide variety of health problems.

In general, membrane treatment processes use either pressure-driven or electrical-driven technologies. Pressure-driven membrane technologies include reverse osmosis (RO), nano-filtration (NF), ultrafiltration

The aim of this lab was to conduct an experiment to investigate the effects of the solute concentration have on osmosis. In this lab, dialysis tubes and sucrose solutions were used to demonstrate the relationship between solute concentration and osmosis, a process by which the movement of water through a selectively semi-permeable membrane depends on the concentration of water in the solvent. The conclusion we can make from observing the graphs above is that there is a strong positive correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, meaning the solute concentration, in this lab sucrose solution, had great impact on the selective semi-permeable membrane, simulated by the dialysis tubes. We predicted that in order to obtain

Transform your tap water into clean, great tasting water. MetPure drinking water purification system combines the latest technologies in water filtration for residential use, including reverse osmosis membrane, all natural activated coconut shell, and conventional filtration to reduce a wide spectrum of contaminants that can be found in water.

SOL-BRINE 2009, Report on the evaluation of existing methods on brine treatment and disposal practices, LIFE+-Environment project.

During the last twenty years the USEPA has been evaluating decentralized wastewater treatment technologies as a reliable alternative for wastewater treatment. In 1997, the EPA submitted to congress its Report and subsequent documents endorsing decentralized wastewater treatment as a permanent long-term solution for wastewater treatment. The Report stated that adequately managed decentralized wastewater systems are a cost effective long-term option for meeting public health and water quality goals, particularly in less densely populated areas. The following is a summary the key components of the Report:

Owing to the standard limits of water, it generates a strong demand to improve the efficiency of existing methods for removing Pb and Zn from the water. Many techniques have been reported for the effective removal of hazardous heavy metals from aqueous solutions such as adsorption, flocculation, coagulation, membrane filtration, electrochemical operations, solvent extraction, bio-sorption, chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, as well as various other processes (6-7). However, most of these techniques have several disadvantages such as production of secondary pollution, high cost, high levels of energy and chemicals needed, and weak treatment operation at low metal concentrations. (8-9). Adsorption is now recognized as an effective and economic method for heavy metal wastewater treatment. The adsorption process offers flexibility in design and operation and in many cases will produce high-quality treated

To raise the efficiency of the reverse osmosis process should choice the appropriate membrane according to the following

It doesn’t matter if you are going to be roughing it in the wilds or staying in a five star resort, you will need to have clean drinking water to drink. You absolutely don’t desire to lug around a bunch of h2o bottles or jugs. Luckily, you don’t have to.

The aim of this experiment is to observe and record the rate of the blue water in the dialysis tube diffusing into the beaker containing different concentrations of salt over 20 minutes to see what effect the concentrations of salt has on the rate of diffusion. The hypothesized of this experiment is that the blue water in dialysis tube 3 will have a faster rate of blue dye diffusing into the salt water in beaker 3. Beaker 1 will have the slowest rate of blue dye diffusing from the dialysis tube into the salt water and beaker 2 will result in a colour in-between beaker 1 and 3. This is because the concentration of salt in the beaker is higher than the water in the dialysis tubes so the salt water will go into the dialysis tube while the blue water in the dialysis tube will diffusion into the beaker. This experiment was performed by measuring out the same amount of water into each of the 3 beakers and adding different amounts of salt to each one to change the concentration. 3 dialysis tubes containing water and 3 drops of blue dye were tied at one end, then tied at the other using cotton thread before placing them one each into the different concentrated beaker cotton tied end facing down. After 20 minutes the results were observed and recorded into the results table. The finishing results were unexpected and not accurate due to the systematic and random errors, rejecting the hypothesis.

The application of a forward osmosis has been studied for a wide range of commercial purposes for water purification, desalination, food processing, power generation and pharmaceutical industry (Cath et al. 2006).

Successful and the cost effective removal of contaminants from waste water by adsorption requires optimal operation units. To achieve this, design parameters must be obtained through performance of adsorption equilibrium and in some cases kinetic experiments are used. One such equilibrium data is generated, is a common practice to validate various isotherm models which give the best description of the experimental results. The frequently tested isotherm models are the Langmuir, two site Langmuir, freundlich, Langmuir- freundlich, redlich- Peterson, toth and dubini-radushketvich(8).