Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microemulsions

There are based on the familiar technology of black and white photography and are the only microform medium appropriate for archival purposes. The image is produced by exposing light sensitive silver compounds in a film emulsion to light. The resulting image is chemically developed, but potentially harmful chemicals are washed out of processing. The original of silver-gelatin microfilm is almost always a negative image, but positive or negative duplicates can be made. The emulsion side of this films is matte,, while the non-emulsion side is glossy. Modern silver gelatin films are long lived under appropriate storage conditions and normal library

Research indicates that small molecules are the most common and more easier form of drug therapeutics. Small molecules are easier and more cost effective to produce. However because they are chemically produced and are ingested through tablets, it makes it difficult for them to have a lasting affect within the body. Researchers are looking into using biologics as an alternative form of therapeutic for certain diseases. Biologics are naturally synthesised from various sources. It has been known that biologics would have a longer “life expectancy” within the body because it would be given intravenously, directly into the blood stream avoiding it from being broken down by the G1 tract which would occur with a small molecule (Bayer HealthCare,

Proposed mode of action for RIS (benzisoxazole derivative) is blocking of 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors. Despite of its potential, RIS is reported to have higher log P value along with poor water solubility and is classified as biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II drug [6]. This poor water solubility leads to limited oral bioavailability through gastrointestinal tract as well as by parenteral route and limits the use of aforementioned drug candidate [4]. Various solubility enhancement techniques can be used to enhance apparent solubility of BCS class II drugs such as salt formation, solid state modification, use of co-solvents, hydro-trophy, complexation with cyclodextrins size reduction etc. Researchers have reported solid dispersion [7], self-nano-emulsifying powder [8] and co-solvent [9] approach for enhancement of RIS water solubility. Use of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in marketed formulation (Risperdal®) of drug presents the probability of solubility enhancement with the use of surfactant [10]. All these approaches have their own advantages and limitations like toxicity issues associated with use of co-solvents [11] (generally water miscible organic solvents) and surfactants beyond a particular level

Among other approaches tried by scientists, colloidal systems like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles etc., have shown promise but not many products have made it to the market (7). Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are gaining much popularity in recent years. Among these, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems from biodegradable and biocompatible polymer are an interesting option for controlled drug delivery and drug targeting (8). Amongst the various drug-delivery systems, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) are potentially attractive choices due to their natural components and easily scaled-up formulation processes. In addition, their hydrophobic core provides a suitable environment for entrapment of hydrophobic drugs (9). Among the important technological advantages of nanoparticles as drug carriers are: high stability (i.e. long shelf life), high carrier capacity (i.e. many drug molecules can be incorporated into the particle matrix), feasibility of incorporation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and feasibility of variable routes of administration (10). NLCs are kind of lipid-based nanoparticles, which has the advantages of biodegradable, brain targeting, well-recognized safety profile by drastically reducing drug-related toxicities through reduction of nonspecific biodistribution (11). NLCs consist of an unstructured solid lipid

There are many different types of pills that humans use for various reasons, and each one is designed to cure or contain a certain problem or pain. This form of medication is usually compacted in a small tablet, sometimes with a coating on top, and meant for the user to swallow as a whole without allowing it to dissolve before entering the stomach. However, considering that people seem to want the fastest relief possible that they can get from their bodily ailments, the research question of this experiment was: Which class of pills dissolve the fastest?

Each person has a unique and specific set of needs as each of us has a different composition that can react to medicines arbitrarily. Compounded medicines can answer a wide variety of medical problems that people often face with commercially manufactured medicines.

Drug content determined of different batch microcapsules by taking around 50mg of microcapsules in a mortar and microcapsules were crushed into powder by a pastel. 15mg of crushed powder were weighed by weighing box in an electronic balance and dissolved into 0.1N NaOH and make the volume upto 100ml. Then sonicate the solution for about an half an hour. The solution was diluted to 10 times by taking 5ml of the solution in a 50ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH up to the mark. The absorbance of these diluted samples were taken at 257nm wave length. Then 10mg standard was taken in a 100ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH upto the mark. The solution was diluted to 10times taking 5ml of the solution in a 50ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH upto the mark. The absorbance of the diluted solution was taken at 257nm wave length. From the standard preparation the corresponding concentration of thr absorbance was converted to the amount of drug present in 15mg of powder. Then the average percentage of the drug content was

In the first DEB that is applied for patent by Amundson et al., the drug is loaded in form of microcapsules or polymer coated microcapsules and this incorporated into the viscous matrix and applied

For example, diverse structures can be gained upon dehydration of the hydrocolloid making. These structures can be customized by the ventilation conditions and formulation making. (Katzung 2004 160-240)Structural characteristics for example porosity might influence the diffusion rate of liquid into the making and thus adjust the release prototype of the drug. Additionally, hydrocolloid-formulation grounding procedures are usually fairly easy and the cost of such materials is small. Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium antagonist used to moderate systemic hypertension. Antiarrhythmic effects of the drug control the ventricular response to atrial fibrillation and flutter. This mix is also used for the handling of steady and unbalanced angina pectoris. Although most of the administered drug dose is absorbed (90%), its bioavailability only reaches 3065% because of a high first-pass effect, mainly in the liver and the gastrointestinal tract. (Zohar et al 2004 249-58)Diltiazem hydrochloride has a short plasma half life of 34 h1 and should be taken three to four times a day. Consequently, controlled/sustained-release mixtures for diltiazem hydrochloride are desirable. The objectives of this study were to formulate and characterize dried carriers based on alginate, agarose, and gellan that contain fillers (talc, kaolin, calcium carbonate, potato starch, and corn starch) and diltiazem hydrochloride. (Panchgnula and Thomas 2000 131-50) These fillers are sold as powders and

There are many new ways that are currently being used to improve the oral bioavailability of protein therapeutics. One way is to create microspheres of the product. This can increase bioavailability of the oral route. There are some drugs that are have microsphere technology but no FDA approved oral microspheres peptides. There are a few drug products that have been microencapsulated, Micro-K, Raloxifene Hydrochloride, and insulin. The Micro-K is an FDA approved drug product and it provides an extended release oral dosage form that some patients prefer. It releases potassium slowly in the GI tract like other extended release forms.

The human gastrointestinal track is a complex time, position, patient-dependent absorptive, metabolizing, and excretive organ. Key of physiological factors that control absorption of drugs from the GIT include gastric, fluid and food intake, bulk fluid and luminal pH, gastric and intestinal secretions, absorptive mechanisms, enterocyte-based metabolism and secretion. Properties of a drug, such as its solubility, stability, ionization, and lipophilicity, strongly influence the rate and extent of drug absorption from GI lumen. Critical assessment of fundamental physicochemical properties and consideration of interplay with physiological constraints of the GIT are paramount to successful design of oral drug delivery systems. Ideal oral extended-release systems rely upon dosage form to control the rate of drug release with no effect from the intrinsic properties of the drug or the conditions prevailing within GIT [1].

Methods: Solid dispersions bisoprolol hemifumarate (SD-BH) was prepared by using EC and HPMC in different ratios. A 3* 22 full factorial design was used to investigate the main formulation parameters (different fillers, binder differ in the molecular weight and different coat type).

Pellets coated with polymer not soluble under gi conditions releases drug by 4 different mechanisms:

As the years go on medicine and drugs are advancing faster than ever. With longer life spans, new illness, diseases, and medical complications it has become a vitality for doctors and scientists to understand more efficient ways to deliver needed drugs. On this path, one of the major obstruction is how quickly a drug become active in the body, or is released from whatever form it is exposed to the body. “Research in the area of controlled drug delivery systems has become increasingly important, due to the advantages in safety, efficacy, and patient convenience that these long-acting systems provide.” [1]

One of the most advanced applications of QD’s is its use in drug and gene delivery, methods like polymer and liposome based drug deliveries. Polymer based delivery is the use of a natural polymer that is known to be or have antiviral or antitumor characteristics, these are referred to a PEG. PEG is known for there high-water solubility and biocompatibility, these PEG’s are attached to drugs to increase their solubility, increase drug uptake by cells and decrease their renal clearance of the drug. The PEG’s ability to do this prolongs the half life of a drug and reduces dosing frequency. Liposome based drug delivery, is the formation of vesicles where an amount of fluid is trapped inside a Nano-phospholipid molecule. Vesicles can range in size from tens of nanometers to thousands of nanometres (Torchilin and Weissig 2003). Liposome and polymer delivery methods are being used to treat cancer, Paclitaxel is an anti-cancer drug that had to be administered with a verity of other drugs due to its side effects. In 2005, it was improved and a form of Paclitaxel was loaded within a nanoparticle of a natural polymer, in tests it eliminated some of the side effects of the drug but also provided some additional benefits. In treatment of tumors that have become resistant to specific delivery methods, Paclitaxel can be loaded into different forms of polymer nanoparticles and this ability to provide a drug in a