Advantages And Disadvantages Of Mitral Valve

The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the atrium. The pulmonic valve is located between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle and is responsible for allowing blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium. The aortic valve is found between the aorta and the left ventricle and allows blood to flow to the aorta and throughout the body.

The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves. If any are not working correctly, blood cannot flow or be pumped effectively to the heart. The four valves are: the tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, mitral, and aortic semilunar. There are many abnormalities or defects that can affect their operation and in this paper, I will discuss the most common one which is a “mitral valve prolapse.” A valvular prolapse is an abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that causes the valve to not close completely. It is also known as “click murmur syndrome” and “Barlow’s syndrome” and is more prevalent in women than men. It has a strong hereditary

It was established that the patient’s symptoms were due to an aortic regurgitation this was confirmed by echocardiogram. The use of the SOAPIER model is an effective means of providing rationale for a holistic clinical decision making. The findings and treatment options were discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting including Mr Jones and family. The family were informed that surgery was the safest treatment option. Complications that could happen with or without surgery were also explained ensuring that the patient had adequate understanding to make a valid choice about his treatment. Mr Jones agreed that a replacement of the aortic valve with a mechanical valve was necessary, thus it last for more than twenty years or more . Mr Jones

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was first characterized by Barlow and Bosman in the 1960s.(Barlow and Bosman) It was first called Barlow’s Syndrome before being called mitral valve prolapse by Criley (Barlow and Bosman),(Criley et al.). Barlow’s syndrome was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and chest X-ray.3 The mitral valve apparatus includes tow leaflets, chordae tendineae, anulus, left atrium, papillary muscles and left ventricular wall (Devereux et al.). Mitral valve prolapse involves the leaflets, chordae, annulus and left ventricular wall.(Devereux et al.) The anterior leaflet is relatively long and semi-circular, while the posterior leaflet is shorter in normal patients.(Irvine et al.) Most commonly the posterior leaflet is affected.(Devereux et al.) During systole the leaflet balloons in to the left ventricle.(Devereux et al.) Physically, in a patient with mitral valve prolapse, the leaflet is displaced beyond the mitral anulus.(Levine et al.)

Mitral valve prolapse is usually detected through a routine physical. Most patients do not have any symptoms when the murmur may be heard. When auscultation occurs, you will hear a normal S1 and quiet systole. The valve will then have a mid-systolic click that is very pronounced. A crescendo-decrescendo is immediately heard after the mid-systolic click. This is best heard in the apex area of the chest. (Systolic Murmurs- Mitral Valve Prolapse) To properly diagnose the disorder an echocardiogram has to be done. An echocardiogram is an ultrasound of the heart that can show the characteristics of the valve and to examine if the valve is allowing leakage or backflow. (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011) Misdiagnosis in the past effected 5-15 percent of patients who were actually suffering from other conditions that were causing the valves to bulge and mimic mitral valve prolapse. In the years past doctors would prescribe antibiotics to patients who was having dental procedures done but The American Heart Association does not recommend the prescribing

Studies have revealed that bypass surgery is usually the best option for those with diabetes, who have a different anatomy and might have other health conditions. People with diabetes tend to have smaller blood vessels, other cardiovascular issues and may have kidney failure. Angioplasty and a stent fixes a small area at a time. Often more than one blood vessel is the cause for cardiovascular problems in people with diabetes. Many blood vessels might be diseased, as a result of the inflammation associated with diabetes. As a result, the most aggressive treatment usually has better

heart. The old valve is pushed to the side and the new valve gets implanted. This procedure

A doctor may also suggest treatment later in a person’s life, if the disease worsens. If a cardiologist suggests medical treatment, two options include: Mitral Valve Repair or Mitral Valve Replacement. “If the patient chooses to have Mitral Valve Replacement, he or she should find a surgeon who satisfies three criteria; the surgeon should have a 90 percent or greater rate of successful repair, should have an extremely low rate of death from surgery (less than 1 percent) and should be proficient in operating with less invasive approaches, if your surgeon cannot provide these sorts of numbers, you need to move to another” (Gillinov 326). By reconnecting valve leaflets a surgeon can perform Mitral Valve Repair (mayoclinic.org). A surgeon can also remove excess tissue from the valve for a repair (mayoclinic.org). “The traditional approach to most aortic valve problems is to open the chest, remove the old valve, and sew in a new one” (Gillinov

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is also knows as Barlow’s Syndrome or Click Murmur Syndrome and it affects about 2-6% of the United States population. While Mitral Valve Prolapse is one of the most common heart valve abnormality that can develop in any person at any age. It is usually not life-threatening and the patient might not even have symptoms. A patient might feel symptoms such as Fatigue, chest pain, or palpitations, which will cause a doctor to run tests such as an echocardiogram; causing a detection and confirmation of the Mitral valve prolapse. The MVP abnormality is caused when one or both of the mitral valve flaps are enlarged or have extra tissue. Causing the valve leaflets to not close correctly and allow leakage of blood back into

This helps to improve the blood flow to the heart. A surgical procedure known as coronary artery bypass graft is done when multiple arteries of a patient’s heart become clogged and need to be opened by performing ‘open heart’ surgery. When heart valves get damage because of Lyme disease or any other heart disease, valve replacements might also be done by the doctor.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a common condition seen in preterm infants. PDA may cause congestive heart failure, respiratory distress, necrotizing enterocolitis, and renal impairment. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and surgical interventions for ligation of PDA are widely used in management of this condition. In small infants, surgical closure can be difficult, therefore medical closure offers a great advantage.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is caused by a myriad of complications including, ischemic, infectious and degenerative changes in the valve structure. (Huether, McCance, p. 628) This alters the function of the mitral valve causing it to bulge backwards into the left atrium. (Huether, McCance, p. 628) MVP can lead to mitral regurgitation (MR) in which the blood flows backwards or is regurgitated into the left atrium. MVP can be single leaflet or bilieaflet prolapse referred to as SiMVP and BiMVP. (Nordhues, B.2015)

VICs are also the essential components of the intrinsic repair system of the valve and respond to local tissue stress. 5 The constant motion of the valve leaflets, and connective tissue deformations associated with that movement produce damage to which the VICs respond in order to maintain valvular integrity.6 This regenerative process appears to be vital to normal valvular, and the absence of VICs in current prosthetic heart valve models is a probable factor contributing to structural failure.

In prescription, prosthetic limb is a fake gadget that replaces a missing body part. The procedure of making this known as appendage prosthesis. It is a piece of the field of bio mechatronics, the study of utilizing mechanical gadgets with human muscle, skeleton, and sensory systems to support or improve engine control lost by trauma, ailment, or deformity. Prostheses are ordinarily used to supplant parts lost by harm (traumatic) or absent from conception (intrinsic) or to supplement imperfect body parts. Inside the body, manufactured heart valves are in like manner utilization with simulated hearts and lungs seeing less normal utilization. Other therapeutic gadgets and supports that could be considered prosthetics incorporate amplifiers,