Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nanomaterials

In the past years, science has been continuously expanding; from the simple abacus used in 300 BC, counting devices evolved into complex forms like calculators. Science has helped people do their work easily and effectively like the help of machines for constructing buildings and amputees being provided with synthetic body parts for replacing their missing parts. Not only humans but also plants have benefited from science and its innovations as there are fertilizers that help plants become healthier. During the course of discovering more about the said field, three men were curious about the miniscule particles unseen by the naked eye; these men are Richard Feynman, Norio Taniguchi, and Kim Eric Drexler. On December 1959, the American physicist

-Article 1- Ghaffour, N., M. Missimer, T., & L. Amy, G. (2013). Desalination (Technical review and evaluation of the economics of water desalination: Current and future challenges for better water supply sustainability) (Vol. 309, pp. 197-207). Thuwal.

Osmosis itself is the tendency for water to move from a weaker saline solution to a stronger saline solution until equilibrium is reached. The molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane, which separates the two solutions. Reverse osmosis, being the opposite process, provides pressure to the water, forcing the solvent to move from a strong saline solution to a weak saline solution. The salt molecules are physically larger than the solvent molecules and can therefore not pass through the semi-permeable membrane (Water Treatment Alternatives - Reverse Osmosis). Major advantages of reverse osmosis includes the removal of all minerals too large to pass through the membrane. A comprehensive list of the elements that reverse osmosis membranes will remove includes: sodium, sulfate, calcium, potassium, nitrate, iron, zinc, mercury, selenium, phosphate, lead, arsenic, magnesium, nickel, fluoride, manganese, cadmium, barium, and cyanide (What is Reverse Osmosis?). Some disadvantages of reverse osmosis are that the process is unable to remove chlorine, and most harmful organic compounds. After completing the process, the product is mostly acidic water which can be harmful to the body in large quantities, and while not as ineffective as distillation, reverse osmosis produces one gallon of pure water for every three gallons treated (Water Treatment Alternatives - Reverse

Sidney LeVine Ms. Kim Science 6 Jan. 14 2015 Reverse Osmosis filtration method Paragraph 1: Overview Reverse Osmosis filtration method, and explain what “reverse” and “osmosis” means, explain theseus, explain Paragraph 2: Explain why it is necessary for this filtration method to be used (disease/bacteria removed), and how if affects the people using it and the people applying it to their everyday lives. Paragraph 3: Pros and Cons overviewed with explanation Paragraph 4: Review Reverse Osmosis, briefly cover highlights from text, finished. Theseus statement: Reverse osmosis is an effective filtration method that positively affects the surrounding community by giving them guaranteed clean tap water. Paragraph 1: Reverse osmosis is an effective filtration method that positively affects the surrounding community by giving them guaranteed clean water.

The force, which drives reverse osmosis (water leaving the solution side of semipermeable membrane), is the pressure of a solution combined with external added pressure. In the presence of additional pressure solvent molecules can move out of the solution at a higher rate than the rate of solvent molecules flowing into the solution. Under these circumstances the solute will eventually be concentrated on one side of the semipermeable barrier. This process of reverse osmosis (separating the water from the solutes) underlies desalination. However, reverse osmosis desalination, although practical, is a costly method of water purification, due to the relatively high concentration of dissolved salts (3.5%) in seawater or brackish water.

Figure 2.6 shows the structure of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) used. A polymer must be dissolved in solvent to mix well for membrane fabrication. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as a solvent in this study. According to Hilal, Ismail & Wright (2015), the membrane porosity and water permeability of the membranes were dependent on the diffusivity of solvent and non-solvent used.

Heck, Paytan, Potts, and Haddad (2016b) talked about how this will affect the customers due to the processes being expensive, they must make up for the cost somewhere leading them to increase water rates and overall hurts the coastal region. He states that it hurts our costal region by limiting people's access to the ocean and causes a change in the scenery. Another disadvantage with continuing to build Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants using fossil fuels to operate them will lead to greater climate change and could make their droughts even worse in the future (Slocum, Haji, Trimble, & Ghaemsaidi,

Why is desalination so important? The earth is a water-rich planet, to the tune of about 300 million cubic miles of water, and each cubic mile contains more than one trillion gallons. The problem is that most of that water, approximately 97 percent, is in the oceans which have an average salt content (salinity) of 35,000 parts per million by weight, and drinking that water regularly can kill us.

Water is the soul of life, but it is not available as pure as needed for human needs; as a result it is essential to discover and improve purification methods to achieve the allowed limit of concentration of different elements and contaminants. Several purification systems; such as: filtration, ion exchange, and biological treatments, but the method we followed was the extraction of heavy metals (uranium in our case) from wastewater by magnetic nanoparticles. Another objective for following this route was the need for new sources for energy, to achieve that; uranium will be extracted to continue its processing to produce nuclear power that can be transferred to electricity.

Forward osmosis is a desalination method that uses semi-permeable membranes to separate water from other solutes, this method is not considered very energy efficient. Reverse osmosis desalination is a process that reduces the saline content of saltwater to contain a small enough amount of salt so that the water is usable. Reverse osmosis desalination is most effective with water that has low salt content. Low temperature thermal desalination utilizes vacuums that create a low temperature, low pressure environment for thee desalination of water. Low temperature thermal desalination requires water from vast depths of the ocean to sustain the low temperatures that are used for this

When nature limits our accessibility to water by droughts, we face no other choice but to turn toward the oceans for water. In that case we have to desalinate ocean water in order to purify it. The two most commonly known methods for desalination used around the world are Reverse Osmosis and Vapor Compression Desalination. We may take these two advancements in technology for granted in our daily lives and overuse the constantly flowing water. We need to take into consideration the amount of energy and effort required to purify water using these two processes. As the population grows in the drought areas the need for producing desalinated water is also going to increase, as

Water desalination processes separate dissolved salts and other minerals from water. Feed water sources may include brackish, seawater, wells, surface (rivers and streams), wastewater, and industrial feed and process waters. Membrane separation requires driving forces including pressure (applied and vapor), electric potential, and concentration to overcome natural osmotic pressures and effectively force water through membrane processes. As such, the technology is energy intensive and research is continually evolving to improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

Due to the industrial revolution and the increasing in the world population, which leads to water scarcity of potable water and water for industrial applications. To cover the increasing demand of water we have to treat the polluted or saline water using the separation techniques to produce the potable and industrial water. This process it’s called, Water Desalination. Water Desalination is the process that treats the raw water by removing the suspended solids from the water. Sustain or the feed water sources may incorporate briny water or brackish water, seawater, ground water from wells, surface water (rivers and streams), wastewater, industrial feed and process waters. Desalination of seawater has the ability to produce enough amount of

The aim of this lab was to conduct an experiment to investigate the effects of the solute concentration have on osmosis. In this lab, dialysis tubes and sucrose solutions were used to demonstrate the relationship between solute concentration and osmosis, a process by which the movement of water through a selectively semi-permeable membrane depends on the concentration of water in the solvent. The conclusion we can make from observing the graphs above is that there is a strong positive correlation between the independent variable and the dependent variable, meaning the solute concentration, in this lab sucrose solution, had great impact on the selective semi-permeable membrane, simulated by the dialysis tubes. We predicted that in order to obtain

The world is in a water crisis and needs more fresh water. Desalination can be an enormous help. The water crisis is the number one risk to the planet according to the World Economic Forum in January 2015. Our planet is 70% water but only 2.5% is freshwater, and we only have access 0.007%. The earth has 7 billion people who need water and 6.8 million struggle everyday for clean water. Today people even