Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pap Test

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

The phase of cancer at the point of diagnosis varies for different cancers. Therefore, staging is performed by means of various methods such as MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging), CT (Computed tomography), X-rays, blood tests and special surgery. The three main reasons why staging of cancer is performed are: it determines the depth of the disease, helps determine the treatment by the phase of the cancer and helps determine the patient's projection of treatment and survival.

Staging is the process of finding out how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. It is how the doctor learns the stage of a person's cancer. Doctors use this information to plan treatment and to help predict a person's outlook (prognosis). Cancers with the same stage tend to have similar outlooks and are often treated the same way. The cancer stage is also a way for doctors to describe the extent of the cancer when they talk with each other about a person’s case.

Staging is the process of finding out how much the cancer is advanced . A new staging system called the international staging system for

In Stage 0 there is an abnormal cell in the cervix which can become cancerous and can spread to other regions of the body.

Stage I: the tumor is still located in the same area and not yet spread.

Stage 2 disease is associated with lymph node involvement in 2 or more regions. However, the nodes must be involved in only one side of the

The cancer hasn’t spread to other areas of the body yet. Stage III is the cancer has spread into the fatty tissue that surrounds the bladder. The cancer hasn’t spread to other areas of the body yet. (American Cancer Society Inc.)

There are usually no symptoms or signs of CIN, and the diagnosis is most often based on biopsy findings following an abnormal routine cervical cytology smear. Because high-grade dysplasia probably is a transitional phase in the pathogenesis of many cervical cancers, early detection is extremely important. Based on the American Cancer Society guidelines, which were last revised in 2002, all women who have reached age 21 years, or who are 3 years past coitarche, should have a pelvic examination and collection of a cytologic smear. The cervical cytology smear should be performed annually in case of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, and biannually if using liquid-based cytology. Once a patient is age 30 years or older and has had 3 consecutive

Cancer cells can intrude other tissues in different forms (sheets, clusters, or singular cells) (INSERT REFERENCE HERE). As the cancer cells manifest, its morphology will change, which includes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mesenchymal to amoeboid transition (MAT) and collective to amoeboid transition (CAT).

The level of lymph node indecent, ulceration and whether the tumor spread they are three primary characteristics of stage III. There are three subclasses of stage III tumor is IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. According to skin cancer foundation “Melanoma advances to sages III or beyond, an important change has occurred”. The tumor of stage III is spread to the lymph nodes when the tumor up to be in the next stage is IV. According to cancer. net “stage IV, the melanoma has traveled beyond the regional lymph nodes to more distant areas of the body”. There are three primary characteristics is the size and number tumor, elevated LDH levels and location of distant

Cancer stages include stage 0, stage IA, stage IB, stage IIA, stage IIB stage IIIA, stage IIIB, stage IVA and stage IVB. Stage 0 is where the cancer if found but has not grown or spread. Stage IA is where the tumor is less than 3 cm wide. Stage IB is where the tumor is more than 3 cm wide and less than 5 cm wide. Stage IIA is when their is a tumor bigger than 5 cm but smaller than 7 cm wide. That hasn’t spread to any other lymph nodes. It also can be a tumor that smaller than 5 cm but has spread to other lymph nodes. Stage IIB is when their is a tumor bigger than 5 cm but smaller than 7 cm wide, but this tumor has spread to other lymph nodes. This stage can also include a tumor that is more than 7 cm wide but hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes.

There are four different stages for the non-small cell lung cancer T stages. “Tis” is when cancer is found only in the lay of cells lining the air passages and not found anywhere else. “T1” is when the cancer is no larger than 3 centimeters. “T2” is when the cancer is no larger then 3 centimeters, it involves a main bronchus but is not closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches off into the main bronchi, it has spread to the visceral pleura, the cancer partially clogs the airways but the lung is not collapsed or under pneumonia. “T3” is when the cancer has spread to the chest wall, the diaphragm, the mediastinal pleura, or the parietal pericardium, when the cancer involves a main bronchus and is closer then 2 centimeters to where the trachea branches into the main bronchi but

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

Stage two, is were the cancer is being divided into the stomach wall and goes in two parts of the lymph nodes one or two that is what forms the onco part. Stage three, is again where the cancer has divided, however in this time the doctor can determine if the cancer has spread more into the lymph nodes causing those lymph nodes to contain seven plus more off the onco. Stage four, this is where the doctor would say this is the “heartbreaking” stage due to the cancer has spread more and its common that I would be more hard for a patient to be more likely to