Advantages And Disadvantages Of Phthalocyanine

Friedrich Wohler who is the father of organic chemistry first discovered alloxan along with Justus von Liebig. The name alloxan has emerged from the words allantonin and Oxalsaure. Allantoin is a product of uric acid excreted by the fetus into the allantois and oxalsuric acid and urea. Alloxan was earlier used for the production of cosmetics and as a purple dye called Murexide. Alloxan is a toxic glucose analogue. It generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of sulfhydryl groups. Dialuric acid is formed in this reduction chemical reaction which is cyclic in nature. The β-cell destruction is triggered by free radicals formed in this redox cycle. The entry of alloxan into the islets of Langerhans is via the GLUT2 glucose transporter. The body has many sulphhydryl groups called thiols which are regularly cleaned up by glutathione. Alloxan is an excellent and most potent chemical to induce experimental DM. The advantages with this oxygenated pyrimidine derivative of uric acid are that it can induce different grades of hyperglycemia in a safe margin of dosage. Alloxan selectively kills the β-cells in the pancreas and hence is used to induce diabetes in experimental animals.

Furthermore, the principles and metrics of green chemistry were incorporated into the synthesis reaction through the use of the benign solvent, water. Through the use of the vacuum filtration and the recrystallization procedures, the product was further purified. Subsequently, the purity and identity of the product were evaluated through the analysis tool of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Ultimately, the efficiency and greenness of the reaction were measured through the calculation of the percent yield and the atom

4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (742 mg, 5.7 mmol) and acetone (10 mL) were mixed together on ice, while a mixture of 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride (0.55 ml, 4.3 mmol) in acetone (2.5 mL) was added drop-wise for 10 minutes. Then, the mixture was mixed on ice for an addition five minutes, then for ten minutes at room temperature. Diethyl ether (10 mL) was added to the mixture and the resultant white precipitate was filtered. The product was recrystallized using ethanol (95%) and filtered. After drying, the crystals were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (10 mL) and ammonia (concentrated, 10 mL). The organic layer was removed and the aqueous layer was washed with dichloromethane (10 mL). The combined organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate (anhydrous) and evaporated, which afforded a white powder (0.68 g, 66%) mp: 130-133°C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.71 (d, 2H), 7.41 (d, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.73 (t, 4H), 3.53 (q, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 2.5 (t, 4H); IR (ATR) υmax (cm-1) 3277, ~2900, 1633, 1595, 1546, 1486, 1469, 1461, 1142, 1116,

The highly conjugated system of the cyanine dyes makes it a very good compound in the development of more efficient solar cells. In this experiment, the maximum wavelength was measured for nine dyes using a UV-Vis spectrum. The result that were obtained agreed with Kuhn’s model for the less polarizable end groups such as 3,3 '-diethyloxadicarbocyanine and 3,3 '-diethyloxatricarbocyanine. That suggested that these two compounds were not as easy to polarize compared to the rest of the dyes. The rest of the dyes required the use of the empirical parameter α to provide more reliable predictions of the wavelengths. This was due to the highly polarized ends of the dyes which needed the adjustment of the parameter to get more accurate results. The series with the higher polarizable end groups’ absorbed higher wavelength light than the less polarized groups. This supported the idea of the one-dimensional box. Also, higher wavelength was determined to be associated with longer conjugated carbon methine chains between the Nitrogen atoms. Kuhn’s free electron model was very reliable for this system.

The global decline of the environment is readily observable. Today, the quality of air, water and land resources is increasingly compromised because of the pollutants that contaminate the environment. For the sake of industrialization and economic development, some countries are willing to risk their natural resources. Environmental degradation can be seen anywhere. According to some observers, environmental degradation is more rampant in countries with poor economic conditions as compared to more affluent countries (Ambler, n.d.). China and India, for instance, are developing countries yet it is among the biggest contributor to air pollution in terms of carbon dioxide emission ( PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2014). Most often, leaders of developing economies are willing to

Compound 4 was then further modified to gain drug like properties by core ring expansion and maximizing structural diversity by incorporating a iminopyrimidinone core with a thiopene and a pyridine to get compound 5. The iminothiadiazine analog of compound 5 was explored to find compound 7 with better ligand efficiency. Further SAR studies on compound 6 showed that a fluorophenyl attached to the iminothiadiazine connected a picolinamide with a fluorophenyl substituents showed improved biochemical activity and ligand

Azide – 1 and Azide – 2 were obtained from corresponding α – N – Boc diaminoacid in reaction with ethyl 2 – azido – 2,2 – difluoroacetate and subsequent treatment with HCl in dioxane. Both of the compounds were colorless solid and readily soluble in

Hydrazones and their derivatives constitute a versatile class of compounds in organic chemistry. These compounds have interesting biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, antituberculous, antitumor, anti-HIV and antimicrobial activity. Hydrazones are important compounds for drug design, as possible ligands for metal complexes, organocatalysis and also for the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. The ease of preparation, increased hydrolytic stability relative to imines, and tendency toward crystallinity are all desirable characteristics of hydrazones. Due to these positive traits, hydrazones have been under study for a long time, but much of their basic chemistry remains unexplored. N-Acylhydrazones (NAHs),

p-Aminobenzoic acid (1.37g) was dissolved in dil.HCl (2 N,15 ml) and cooled in ice. It was diazotised with an ice cold saturated

Hydrogen peroxide or H2O2 could be used for a lot of things and we bet you have a bottle of it in the medicine cabinet or in some drawer.

[E] Protein (Amino Acids): Amino acids are the second type of natural compounds that plants produce to solublize and translocate minerals. Plants manufacture these compounds to make mineral biologically available in the cell. Even when unchelated or uncomplexed minerals are sprayed on plants, the mineral must combine with an organic compounds such as an amino acids before the plant can effectively utilize it. As with organic acids, amino acid compounds also play a role in mineral uptake into plant tissue, because of the increase permeability effect of the amino acid on the cuticle (Table 5.5).

Iodations of all salt known as USI for both human and animal consumption, is the major global strategy of choice for feasible and effective control of iodine deficiency. Iodization levels are usually measured based on estimated consumption of salt, with an estimated individual average consumption of around 10g of salt per day in countries where most of the salt in the diet comes from table salt, used for cooking and at the table. It is recommended by the WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD that, 20 mg to 40 mg of iodine per kg salt be added to food products depending on local salt intake (15, 19, 31). It has subsequently been recommended that a more cost effective way of addressing the problem of IDD for most developing countries is by adding iodine to universally consumed products such as common salt, as done in most

Organophosphate is a term applied to describe any organic phosphorus (V) -bearing compound, it too refers to insecticides that acting on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Organophosphate pesticides degrade at high speed by hydrolysis on exposure to soil, air and sunlight; these characteristics made them a desirable alternative to the persistent organochloride pesticides. Many of organophosphate operative by inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in nerve cells, which is vital to nerve function in most of insects, animals, as well as humans. This leads to a pathologic extra of acetylcholine in the body and causes the organophosphate poisoning indication such as dizziness, weakness and nausea.

The advancement in technology has resulted in new and intriguing applications for the materials that in the past were considered inconceivable. This is evidenced in the rapidly emerging nanotechnology field. The distinctive size-dependent characteristics of substances on the scale of nanometer have led to their applications in various disciplines, for instance, solar cells, bio-imaging, drug delivery, wavelength-tunable lesser and catalysis. Nanometer-sized materials are materials that range in size from one to one hundred in nanometre scale. Organic polymers are macromolecules or molecules which are made up of several repeated subunits (monomers). The polymer can either be natural or synthetic. The ‘nanometer-sized polymer materials’ are described as polymer materials with sizes that range from 1 to 100 on a nanometer scale. The majority of the nanometer-sized organic polymers in various applications are formed from the combination of the organic components and the metal at the molecular level. This kind of combination has provided a new class of hybrid nanomaterials referred to as the nanoscale coordination polymers. The nanoscale coordination polymers are synthesized from the polydentate bringing ligand and the metal ion cluster that possesses at least two empty coordination sites. Some examples of coordination polymers are the mixed metal cyanometallates and the Prussian blue. The coordination polymers can be made from different organic building blocks

The Haier Group Corporation is a Chinese multinational company operating in the home appliances and consumer electronics industries. The firm, founded in 1984 as Qingdao Refrigerator Co., thrived under the lead of CEO Zhang Ruimin and in 2004 was ranked China’s number-one company, with sales topping RMB 100 million. I maintain two specific market advantages that defined Haier’s success in China, namely market responsiveness and customer centricity, were key in shaping the company’s international strategy and in aiding its success on a global level. This essay will articulate how the capabilities developed by Haier while operating in their domestic market, can facilitate the company’s global expansion, and how Haier’s market driven culture of innovation and forward-looking leadership contribute to the international