Advantages And Disadvantages Of Phytochemicals

Experiment 55 consists of devising a separation and purification scheme for a three component mixture. The overall objective is to isolate in pure form two of the three compounds. This was done using extraction, solubility, crystallization and vacuum filtration. The experiment was carried out two times, both of which were successful.

An example of those are carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, possessing strong antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and antibacterial activities. The majority of the phenolic acids in Sage species are derivatives of caffeic acid which is the building block of a variety of plant metabolites. Caffeic acid plays a central role in the biochemistry of the Lamiaceae plants, and occurs mainly in a dimer form as rosmarinic acid. Carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, which are present at high concentrations in the extract of Sage plants, have shown strong antioxidant properties. Ursolic acid, also a component of sage, has strong anti-inflammatory properties, and in sage preparations, it is considered as a quality control measurement for the anti-inflammatory effects of different

There are millions of different organic compounds. Most of them are found in mixtures and in order to achieve a pure form they need to be separated, isolated, and purified. However, there are endless numbers of possible mixtures, which make it impossible to have a pre-designed procedure for every mixture. So chemists often have to make their own procedures. The purpose of this experiment was to prepare the student to the real world by them designing their own procedure which will help them understand the techniques of separation and purification better. The goal was to extract two of the components of the

The objective of this extraction experiment was to achieve a comprehensive understanding, as well as master the practice, of the technique of separating various individual components of a compound.

Abstract: One mixture of two unknown liquid compounds and one mixture of two unknown solid compounds were separated, isolated, purified, and characterized by boiling point. Two liquid unknowns were separated, isolated, and purified via simple distillation. Then, the process of an acid-base extraction and washing were used to separate two unknown compounds into two crude compounds: an organic acid and a neutral organic compound. Each crude compound was purified by recrystallization, resulting in a carboxylic acid (RCO2H) and a pure organic compound (RZ). The resulting mass of the pure carboxylic acid was 1.688g with a percent recovery of 31.80%, the boiling range was 244-245 °C, and its density was 2.0879g/mL. The resulting mass of the pure organic solid was 2.4902g with a percent recovery of 46.91%, the boiling range was 52.0-53.4°C, and its density was 1.5956 g/mL.

(Q3:Purification) Product was purified via crystallization and using ice-cold water ensured product remain intact while impurities were washed into the filtrated liquid. The results gathered were measured against already scientifically established melting points of the product, the standard solutions provided, and retention factor (Rf) values to conclude the unknown nucleophile used in the beginning was 4-methoxyphenyl.

The next day an orange goopy textured product resulted. The extracts were then dried and combined with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then evaporated with dry air under the hood in a warm water bath. The liquid was cooled and had an initial weighing of 0.5887g. It was reweighed several minutes later with a final

0.300 grams of biphenyl/ p-toluidine sample was weighed. Next, 10 mL of dichloromethane was measured in a graduated cylinder. The dichloromethane was transferred to a small beaker then the solid mixture was dissolved in it. A Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was conducted with the dissolved mixture in 20% Ethyl Acetate and 80% Hexane solution. The TLC plate was observed to be impure with two spots. To being extraction, a separatory funnel was placed inside of the hood and the stopcock was closed. A flask was placed under the funnel then the mixture was added to the funnel. Next, 10 mL of 3M HCL was measured in a graduated cylinder and

The light yellow precipitate was collected by suction filtration using a Hirsch funnel. The product was washed with two 1-mL portions of cold methanol followed by two 1-mL portions of diethyl ether. The product was dried in the oven at 110°C. The IR spectrum as a KBr pellet was obtained for the product and inosine for analysis.

For experiment 1, the large vein of a spinach leaf (dark green color) was removed and the tissue was thoroughly grinded in 5 ml of 100% acetone. Then, the green acetone extract was filtered through a kimwipe into 13 x 100mm test tube. One-half of petroleum ether and two drops of water was added to the extract in the tube. The tube was inverted several times using a rubber stopper. After the phases were separated, the upper pigment phase was taken for Experiment 2, and

The result was small white crystals, which were dry and had barely contained any moisture. The product was then dissolved in methylene chloride and dried with granular anhydrous sodium sulfate. The drying agent would have removed any water in the solution and presented a colorless solution. The solvent was evaporated and the product was collected; it had the appearance of small, white solids. Data Table 2 shows the results and calculations that were gathered after the completion of this experiment. A boiling point of the product was found to be 210℃. According to literature, the boiling of isoborneol should be 212℃. As a result, the product is most likely isoborneol. No errors had occurred during the course of the experiment, which is testified by the high yield of

The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid (p-toulic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol), and a neutral compound (acetanilide). Extraction is the process of selectively dissolving one or more of the compounds of a mixture into an appropriate solvent, the solution that contains these dissolved compounds is called an extract (Manion, 2004).

The administration of the aqueous extract and gel of Opuntia ficus indica for eight days did not cause significant changes in the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine, as compared to the control. However, furosemide lowered serum potassium and elevated serum creatinine (Table

The extract exhibited a marked effects in DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay. 27The ethanol extracts of both stem and root has shown in-vitro antioxidant activity, respectively using Spectrophotometric method by DPPH, H2O2 free radical scavenging, metal chelating and ferric ion reducing power assay. Both the extracts showed potent antioxidant activity in all models. The IC50 values were found comparable with ascorbic acid and the reducing ability of root ethanol extract.25 The ethyl-alcohol, n-hexane and aqueous extracts obtained from leaves and flowering tops of two marjoram Hungary and Egypt showed antioxidant activity in vitro by Spectrophotometric and Chemilaminometric method methods using DPPH and Rancimat methods.

The samples were then dried properly to remove the trace of remaining solvent. The extracts were subjected for vacuum drying in rotary evaporator. The free radical scavenging activity of seed extracts of A. nigra were determined using DPPH whereby solution of DPPH in 99.99% ethanol was prepared and was mixed with ethanolic solutions of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from A. nigra seeds at determined concentrations. The mixture was shaken and incubated. Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as positive reference ethanol as negative reference were used. The absorbance was measured using multimode microplate reader. Each sample extract were mixed with dry KBr powders and their absorption spectra were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer FTIR spectrophotometer. The 1H spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MHz FTNMR. Each extract sample were dissolved in CDCl3 , and the solvent signal was used for spectral calibration. Total soluble phenolic compound content from three different dilutions of A. nigra seed extracts were estimated according to the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, using gallic acid as standard and the absorbance was finally measured. To generate the standard curve, different concentrations of gallic acid were used. Quantification of totall soluble phenolics in each extracts was determined from the gallic acid standard curve.