Advantages And Disadvantages Of Plastics

In modern times, there are numerous materials used to make the everyday necessities we need in life such as our phones, clothes, shoes, plastic bags, and many more. However we could narrow the materials down to metal-based products, polymer-based products/ plastics, and cellulose-based products/paper. To narrow things even down further so that we could have an argument, plastic and cellulose could both be used to make the same type of material such as containers for juice, containers for food, chairs, tables and many more. With this, we could now compare if plastic or paper is the better material to make our basic necessities. I would say that plastic would be better because of its durability, energy efficiency in making plastics, and the ability to mold plastic.

When a material is conductive, the conductivity probe will have a solid and visible red light. However if it is not conductive there will be no light and if it is a semi-conductor there will be a dim and possibly “flashing” light. If an element reacts with acid it will create bubbles when the sample comes into contact with the acid. Metals will be shiny in luster, malleable, conductive, and they will react with hydrochloric acid to create hydrogen gas. Nonmetals on the other hand will be dull in luster, brittle or not malleable, they will not conductive, and they will not react with acid. Finally, metalloids will will have properties of both nonmetals and

Resistors restrict or limit the flow of current in a circuit. The ability of a material or component to resist current flow is measured in ohms. There are three main types of

To determine the effect that the voltage will have on the current of a circuit, when one resistor is connected in the circuit.

Normally polymers do not conduct electricity. It is the same insulating property made them attractive in many industrial applications. The vast development in the electrical field would not have been possible in the absences of plastic. One can not imagine of electrical cables without polymer insulations. Even the fitting devices like switches, holders, pin, double pole (DP) boxes etc. are all made from plastic.

Over time, the charge accumulated on a powder surface will partly decay (dissipate) (Malave-Lopez and Peleg, 1985). Charge decay is a complex phenomenon that has been measured by different techniques (Paasi et al., 2001). The timescale for electrostatic charge decay is an important factor. For example, there will be a higher probability of considerable charge build-up on the material when charge decay occurs slowly. The charge decay rate is a measure of the rate at which the electrostatic charge present on the surface of a material can migrate away (Chubb, 2002). The charge decay rate is dependent on many factors, including material’s electrical resistivity, the resistivity of the other material on contact, RH of the surrounding air and hold time (Bailey, 1993; Sharma et al., 2001a). The lower the material electron conductivity the longer the time needed for charge decay. A powder in contact with a conductive material will dissipate the charge quicker than the same powder in contact with an insulator. It is anticipated that moisture adsorption will make the material more conductive. (Paasi et al., 2001) showed the charge decay rate to increase with increasing RH due to a concurrent decrease in surface resistivity. The hold time (defined as the time passed between the end of processing and dispensing the sample into the Faraday cup for charge measurement) was shown as the most effective option of dissipating charge following blending (Engers et al., 2006).

A material whose conductivity can be varied by many orders of magnitude which is alloy this material to differentiate or to switch from insulator to conductor by the following [ ]:

Throughout this research paper, the reader will have a better understanding of the different forms of resistance. Also the reader will have the ability to compare the two types of resistance which were active and passive. And finally the reader will be abl

Ohm’s law defines the relationship between three important electrical properties namely: voltage, current and resistance. Mathematically, ohm’s law is expressed as: V=IR. By understanding the importance of conduction, one is able to determine the total resistance and visualize how resistors are connected in parallel circuits. In parallel connection, each resistor provides a separate path for current [I] so that the total resistance of a parallel circuit is reduced as more resistors are connected in parallel. In contrast, the resistance in series circuits increases when more resistors are introduced into the circuit. This

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are systems that are designed on a micro metre scale and have become more popular as the demand for devices to get smaller has increased. The main uses of these systems are for sensors, such as accelerometers and gyroscopes and other such devices like microscopy and inkjet nozzles for example. There are many materials that can be used for MEMS as the cost of the material is almost eradicated due to the micro size of the systems being produced. This brings materials such as gold, platinum and diamond can be used, as these materials have some properties which are very desirable for a MEM systems. The most common material that is currently used in MEMS is silicon and silicon based compounds as they

The patterns in the resist are formed when the resist is developed so that the areas of resist remaining after development protect the substrate regions which they cover.

Typically a lower resistivity layer overlies a more resistive core (Arnason et al., 2008). The low resistivity layer is characterized by an electrically conductive clay (smectite), which forms in temperatures of 70°C. As temperatures increase the proportion of a less conductive clay (illite) increases until the formation of pure illite at 250°C (Anderson et al., 2000). Resistivity of smectitie is typically between 1 and 10 ohm-m compared to the 20 -100 ohm-m resistivity of the clay layers at 180°C (Anderson et al., 2000). Typical resistivity’s outside of geothermal systems vary but are typically between 50-200 ohm-m for volcanic rocks and less than 5 ohm-m for marine sediments (Anderson et al., 2000).

resistance. They are inserted into a circuit in order to lower the current of to produce a desired voltage drop. There are two kinds of

The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper atom the number of electrons is one. When a charge of electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only one electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This will then cause the valance electron of that atom to jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1.

The study makes use of both Horizontal Resistivity Profiling (HRP) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). Three(3) HRP data were obtained within the study area using Wenner configuration to give the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) of the area