Advantages And Disadvantages Of Polyhydroxybutyrate

An unknown bacterium was handed out by the lab instructor. The methods that have been learned so far in identifying bacteria were applied to this unknown. Procedures were followed as stated in the lab manual and biochemical test handouts. The first procedure that was done was a gram stain followed by a streak of the unknown on a TSA plate in order to determine the gram reaction and observe the colony morphology. After that, specific biochemical tests were performed for gram positive, since unknown number five was determined to be gram positive rod. The other tests were performed in this order: Mannitol Salt (MSA) streak, Blood Agar streak, Catalase test, Nitrate Reduction test, and Phenyl

During the purification section of this lab, the LB/amp/ara agar plate was examined for well-isolated green colonies and the LB/amp plate was observed for white colonies with space between each other. These colonies were circled on the outside of the plates using a marker. Next, two 15 milliliter culture tubes containing 2 milliliters of nutrient growth media were obtained and labeled “+” and “-“. Using a new inoculation tube, the circled colonies from each plate were scooped out and immersed in their respective culture tubes. Once the bacteria was mixed into the solution, the tubes were sealed and placed horizontally into the 32⁰ incubator for 24 hours.

In 1988, it was determined that the United States alone, was producing 30 million tonnes of plastic per year (Derraik, J.G.B., 2002). This can be compared with the global and annual production of 260 million tonnes of plastic as of 2012 (Pearson, E., 2014). Plastics are lightweight, durable, and cheap to make. This makes them incredibly easy to sell and manufacture. However, these attributes are many of the reasons why plastics are the most prominent type of marine debris, and why they are a serious hazard to various ecosystems and the organisms that live within them (Derraik, J.G.B.,

Over the few years, humans have discarded millions of tons of garbage into the oceans. Ever wonder where the cup you threw out this morning will end up? Or the plastic spoon you used for lunch? How about the cap of a water bottle? The calamitous plastic ends up in the water, taking thousands of years to decompose. The consumption of plastic by the marine life is perilous and the leading cause of death for life on shore.

The ocean’s vast marine life is dying more and more each year due to plastic. Over 100,000 marine animals die each year from plastic entanglement and ingestion says Gianna Andrews, author of the 2012 “Plastic in our Oceans Affecting Human Health” on ser.carlton. Chemicals in the plastic are also intoxicating the marine life. Reducing the use of plastic could save thousands of sea animals and make our ocean a cleaner place. There are many questions concerning our ocean, like how much plastic is in our ocean? What are the effects? How do we stop it? These questions will be answered by explaining and describing our ocean’s plastic.

A urea hydrolysis test was performed. A nitrate reduction was performed. The bacterial unknown was grown on Kigler 's iron agar media, MSA media, soy agar media, PEA agar media, EMB media, and SIM medium media. A gram stain was performed. A methyl red test was performed. A Voges-Proskauer test was performed. A citrate test was performed. A motility test was performed. A gelatin hydrolysis test was performed. A liquid broth agar was cultured to determine if there was use of oxygen.

The first day an unknown sample was assigned to each group of students. The first test applied was a gram stain to test for gram positive or gram-negative bacteria. The morphology of the two types of bacteria was viewed under the microscope and recorded. Then the sample was put on agar plates using the quadrant streak method for isolation. There were three agar plates; one was incubated at room temperature, the second at 30 degrees Celsius, and the third at 37 degrees Celsius. By placing each plate at a different temperature optimal growth temperature can be predicted for both species of bacteria.

The growing plastic problem is becoming an issue, because people introduced plastic to the environment. Plastics often coming from microfibers in clothing, nurdles from plastic snow, and other plastic products being found in the ocean, often in floating islands of plastic trash called gyres. In a study conducted by professor Kenji Miyamoto, in the article “New plastic-eating bacteria has potential to ease world’s trash glut” by Ken Mathiesen has stated that these issues need to be worked on, million of tons of suffocating debre show in our oceans every year coming in the realization of one-third of all plastics end up invading the environment. Showing these numbers show some realistic effect of how a total of rubbish ends up in our environment,

When PCBs from plastics pollute the environment, they may contaminate water sources and become ingested by fish. The chemicals ingested by fish are then stored in fatty tissue and bioaccumulate up the food chain. Thus, humans who consume fish and other seafood may be consuming PCBs as well. Another key route of PCB exposure lies in the use of PCB­containing personal care products. An increasing number of personal care products including facial scrubs, soaps, and toothpastes contain thousands of microplastics in the form of plastic microbeads. These beads are then flushed down drains and make their way into the environment via poor disposal methods or by other means as part of their intended use (PCBs and Human Health, 2016).

With the combination of polymers that don’t biodegrade and mass overproduction, companies are harming the environment in severe ways. Plastic, a material seen everywhere, is a polymer made from oil. It is mass produced to make everything from shampoo bottles to automobiles and does not biodegrade. When it is eventually thrown out, the waste usually finds it way into the ocean, where it is either buried under sediment or eaten by marine life (Weisman 287-295). Creating a material that will ultimately kill marine life will undoubtedly wreak havoc on the

These days, companies are not only producing twice as many single use plastics than are disposed, but it is becoming almost impossible to dispose of these plastics anyway else than dumping them into the oceans. The single use plastics that are being dumped into the ocean do not decompose, they only break up into smaller pieces over time. The results presented in this paper are used to show that harmful single use plastics are not good for the world and that eventually they will impact humans in a bad way by using facts about plastics in the ocean and in the environment in general. The most common chemical in single use plastics is BPA. BPA is a chemical that is in almost all harmful plastics and is the main reason why people

Increasing fossil energy cost as well as decreasing availability of petroleum based polymers; the researchers have been accelerated to search viable alternatives to reduce the burden of ecosystem. To date, intensified research have been conducted in biodegradable polymeric materials from natural resources in order to fulfil the requirements set by environmental regulation to develop a more sustainable and benign material [9, 5].Biodegradable polymers are obtained from natural resources like cellulose, starch or by biological reaction of renewable based monomer and it decompose into carbon dioxide and water molecules. Amongst the available biopolymers, poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most fascinating biodegradable polymeric materials and it has been used for many industrial applications ranging from packaging to automobiles owing to its ultimate strength along with recyclability. PLA produced from starch rich resources (corn,

Bio-plastics are made from two words bio + plastics. The plastics made from biomass material or dispose easily as soil or both properties called bio-plastics. Bio-Plastics are not a single class of polymers but rather a family of products, which vary considerably. A bio-plastic is a substance made from organic biomass sources unlike conventional plastics which are made from petroleum. Bio-plastics are made from a number of different processes. Some uses a microorganism to process base material, such as vegetable oil, cellulose, starch, acid and alcohol. Great revolution has come up in packaging industry due to bio-plastics. Plastics made up of natural resources are easy to produce. It is an evergreen plastic because resources grow annually e.g. Corn starch, potato, sugarcane etc. As price of petroleum is sky rocketing now a day. Climate is highly affected by using conventional plastics. Policies of government are push bio-plastics. Bio-plastics can be fully bio-degradable, or can be fully bio-based or can be both properties.

Lauria-Bartani (LB) medium Davis et al., (1980). It was used for bacterial growth. It consists of (gm/l): Trypton; 10.0 gm, Yeast extract; 5.0 gm and NaCl; 5.0 gm. For solid medium, Agar Agar; 20.0 gm was added.

Official figures show that plastics make up around 25% of the garbage that metro manila churns out, while an independent survey conducted by Eco waste Coalition and Greenpeace on the composition of discards on manila bay in 2006 found that 51% were plastic bags,19% sachets and junk food wrappers, 5% Styrofoam, 1% hard plastics,10% rubber, 13% biodegradable wastes (Cayetano, 2008;www.senatorpiacayetano.com/psc/pressreleasedetails.php?recordID=175) Biodegradable plastics are degradable plastics on which the degradation results from the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi , and algae (info@epi-global.com). These plastics are broken down into water, carbon dioxide, methane and