Advantages And Disadvantages Of Sonication

The enzyme that will be used in this experiment is lactase. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down a sugar found in milk called lactose into glucose and galactose. Lactase is found in the small intestine, and is naturally produced by the body. If someone’s body does not produce the lactase properly, or the lactase itself doesn’t act properly, that person would be considered lactose intolerant. This means your body would not be able to digest milk properly, and you could suffer symptoms such as cramping, diarraea, painful gas, and nausea after having some sort of dairy. If one would was lactose intolerant, but wanted to have some sort of dairy product, they could take a lactase supplement. The lactase in the supplement will break down the lactose

When lactose becomes available the genes encoding β-galactosidase and lactose permease are upregulated in E. coli.

The enzyme used in the four different experiments was lactase. Lactase is an enzyme found in the small intestine, liver, and kidneys of mammals. Lactase binds to lactose, reducing it to the simple sugars Glucose and Galactose, which can eventually be utilized as a source of energy in cells. Lactase is an important enzyme and the absence of lactase leads to lactose intolerance. According to the A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, lactose intolerance is very common in adults and is rarely dangerous. About 30 million American adults have some amount of lactose intolerance by age 20 (A.D.A.M. 2012). Some symptoms include abdominal bloating, cramps, diarrhea, gas, and nausea (A.D.A.M. 2012). These

The species of bacteria used to make yogurt both have a β-galactosidase system which hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose. Because lactose is a disaccharide, it can be transported into the cell via the permease system. As aforementioned, glucose then enters the EMP pathway to yield pyruvate.

During my research of the High, intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for Prostate Cancer treatment. I found these facts and information on the topic of the HIFU treatment:

The use of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for the treatment of prostate cancer is considered experimental and/or

To do this, the researchers exposed a second group of adult quail to the same hearing-damaging sound as the first and then injected them with radiolabeled thymidine. This allowed researchers to use autoradiography that produce low levels of background issues as well as being able to see 10 to 20 grains over red blood cells. The control birds were still given the injections, however, they were not exposed to the sound. The experimental group experienced the same pattern of damage as the birds in the previous experiment and thymidine was seen over hair cells and support cells in the damaged area. There was no thymidine observed outside of the damaged area. The transition zone of the basilar membrane, where tall and short hair cells are integrated, it seemed that the short cells were more often labeled than the tall cells. Tall cells do not lack the afferent auditory-nerve fiber innervation that is seen in short cells making them a more useful candidate for labeling. The researchers failed to identify location and mechanism of the activation of the precursor cells but remained hopeful that there may exist a way to restore inner ear sensory losses that are caused from injury of hair

We then tested the last set of test tubes containing milk and lactase, we did this to find which ones would present the most glucose concentration results, when placed in different temperatures, 4°C, boiling and room temperature. What we wanted to know was how far temperature could affect lactase to perform its enzymatic activity. We hypothesized that if the lactase is placed in a high or low temperature outside its active range, the temperatures would have a negative impact on the functions of the enzyme. If the temperature has an affect on lactose then we would see some temperatures in which lactase will be function able. We came to a conclusion that enzymes work at a temperature that is closest to body temperature (25°C); boiling water (100°C) denatures the enzyme, while the enzyme is not able to function properly if

In this experiment, we studied the enzyme activity (Michaelis-Menten kinetics) of beta- galactosidase. We isolated a pure form of beta- galactosidase from a crude extract (Escherichia coli). Beta- galactosidase will catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-D-galactosides (figure 1). It does this by hydrolyzing the terminal non-reducing residues. An example of this is seen in the conversion of ortho-nitrophenol-beta-D-galactoside (ONPG) to othro-nitrophenol (ONP) and galactose. This reaction results in a color change (clear to yellow) of ONP, with a wavelength absorbance of 420 nm which can be measured on a spectrophotometer. The rate of the reaction was determined by varying the concentrations of ONPG (substrate, [S]) and measuring the ONP absorbance (initial velocity, Vo). We also measured the effect of isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) to inhibit the reaction.

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound, HIFU, is rapidly becoming a growing prostate treatment. Because the area affected by the prostate cancer is targeted, the temperature can heat up quickly, which burns and destroys the cancer cells.

In analyzing the effect of 2-aminopurine on mutation frequencies of bacterial strain CC102 (ara∆(gpt-lac)5 thi rpsL/F’ lacZ-Y+A+proA+B+ , the bacterial strain CC102 was cultured in LB medium with 2-aminopurine and one LB medium without 2-aminopurine. The bacterial strain CC102 with and without the 2-aminopurine mutagens were diluted to 10-5 and 10-6 and were plated on LB plates with nutrients and sources of carbon compounds for growth. The undiluted bacterial strain CC102 was then plated on minimal medium with thiamine and lactose. In noting the genotype of the bacterial strain, there is a deletion in the lac gene as it is ∆(gpt-lac) and the lacZ gene is not functional, therefore β-galactosidase is not able to cleave lactose into the constituents of glucose and galactose. In table 1.1, when observing the number of mutant colonies on minimal lactose and single cell colonies formed on LB plates with no introduction of the 2-AP mutagen, the mutant colonies were not formed on the minimal lactose yet were formed on the LB nutrient rich plate. For example in looking at group 6 data, 163 colonies were formed on LB medium at 10-6 yet no colonies were formed on minimal lactose with no 2-AP. Since the lac gene and the lacZ gene need to be functional to cleave lactose, it would allow for growth on the minimal medium with lactose but since there was a deletion for the lac gene and lacZ gene was not functional, no growth occurred. However with the introduction of the

The purpose of this lab is to examine the specificity of the lactase enzyme to a specific substrate and how it can denature due to the rise in temperature.

Abstract – Yogurt is a product of lactic acid and lactose. In order to produce yogurt, milk is pasteurized (at 45 degrees Celsius) and the inoculum is added followed by incubation. Over a period of 7 days, yoghurt fermentation was attempted using lactobacillus cultures. A liter of milk was supplied and plain yoghurt was used as a starter culture as it contains the necessary bacteria to ferment lactose and produce lactic acid. The milk was added to a flask: then boiled, cooled and inoculated. The milk was incubated for a week and all the while the milk was tested for changes in pH, density, mass and physical changes. The values obtained were then used to determine the growth kinetics of Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

Medical science has been established since the earliest time of the 1800’s. Using physics, scientist from all over the world are able to physically upgrade and improve both the effectivity and efficiency. In the fields of medicine, sounds, is an important factor to study. From many ranges of sound, ultrasound are sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency. With the use of ultrasound, doctors are able to scan the body of patient accurately, whether to create images of organs and structures in your body or to visualise blood or fluids flowing through the body. One major technology HIFU is a high intensity focused ultrasound that uses sound waves to disintegrate tumour cells or any other hazardous cells in the human body. During the course of its development, HIFU has been applied to a variety of clinical problems. The first application of HIFU was in neurosurgery to treat patients with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Other application of HIFU includes; preventing haemorrhage from organs during surgery or ultrasound aided drug delivery to the brain. Many of the applications of HIFU that are currently under investigation are in cancer treatment of numerous types, for example, liver, prostate, bladder kidney and many more. HIFU is a reliable technology due to the fact that it is able to send a focused therapeutic treatment to a specific region without damaging the

Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves. It is a high pitch frequency that cannot be heard by the human ear. In ultra sound the following happens: High frequency sound pulses (1-5megahertz) are transmitted from the ultrasound machine into your body using a probe. The sound wave will travel into your body until it hits an object such as soft tissue and bone. When the sound wave hits these objects some of the wave will be reflected back to the probe. While some waves may carry on further till they hit another object and then reflected back. The probe picks up these reflected sound waves and relays them to the machine. The distance and time from the probe,