Advantages And Disadvantages Of Synthesis

The incorporation of green chemistry into organic synthesis reactions

Furthermore, the principles and metrics of green chemistry were incorporated into the synthesis reaction through the use of the benign solvent, water. Through the use of the vacuum filtration and the recrystallization procedures, the product was further purified. Subsequently, the purity and identity of the product were evaluated through the analysis tool of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Ultimately, the efficiency and greenness of the reaction were measured through the calculation of the percent yield and the atom

College athletes should be paid to play and schools need to consider compensating these athletes for their talents based on the revenue they generate. Given the fact college sports is a big money maker for many universities and colleges, Kenneth Cooper, author of the article, “Should College Athletes be Paid to Play”?, argues that “college athletes should not be paid due to the fact they are still amateurs who are representatives of the schools they attend” (Cooper). Additional arguments made by Cooper against paying the athletes, include the fact that “these men and women are not just athletes, but students first” (Cooper). From my point of view, this statement would be true only if the emphasis were realistically placed on academics. Therefore,

oxysporum growth medium may have an effect on its biosynthetic ability (Birla et al., 2013). pHs 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 F. oxysporum treatments all synthesized QDs, which is denoted by the sharp excitonic emission peaks at 460 nm (Figure 7). The control, where the pH of the growth medium was not adjusted, had the lowest ZnSe QD yield (Figure 7). Birla et al. (2013) found that an increase in pH increased the number of synthesized nanoparticles. This means pH 6 should have fewer synthesized nanoparticles than pH 7, but it was not the case in this study (Figure 7). However, pHs 9 (p < 0.001) and 10 (p = 0.011) had the highest QD yields, and they were significantly different from the control (Figure

Power can drive people to do crazy, messed-up things; that’s what happens in the famous play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. Macbeth starts off as a respected soldier fighting for the King of Scotland. Three sketchy witches promptly tell him that he will become the next ruler. Macbeth’s wife, Lady Macbeth, is the most power-hungry, manipulative lady ever. As soon as she catches wind of the prophecy.

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There are many physical distinguishing qualities of nanoparticles, which influence their functions. The size of the nanoparticles is incredibly small. They have a novel structure, optical, and electronic properties that many large molecules lack. They also have high solubility, which may be used to reinvestigate bulk drugs that have poor solubility. This feature may provide the ability to convert drugs with poor solubility into a soluble suspensions, and as a result of that, there will be no need for toxic organic solvents. Studies have shown that nanoparticles have longer circulation time compared to large particles that are over 200 nm without regard of any surface modifications present. Another feature of nanoparticles is that they come in a variety of shapes, including spheres, discs, hemispheres,

The three poets chosen for this week are fitting into the American literary tradition. Sharon Olds is one of the voices that represent the contemporary poetry’s. Olds is known to write intensely personal, emotionally affecting poem depicts a world political events, as well as graphically family life. Frankness of children has led both high praise and blame. The contemporary poet Sharon Olds is a confession that the poets of the 1950s and 1960s engaged in the natural tendencies, but she has carved a less desperate persona. Linda Pastan’s firmly her poems are deal with children, families, gardens as the lives of around her and loss, death, identity, on a deeper level for the expected unexpectedness of life. This is admitted in the initial

In recent years TiO2 has been widely used for preparation of various and varying types of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires as well as nanoporous TiO2 containing materials.[3] Regardless of its scale Titanium Oxide maintains its photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale TiO2 has an advantage of being surface reactive that fosters its interactions with biological molecules, such as phosphorylated proteins and peptides [4] as well as nonspecific binding with DNA [5].

Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized via a green route using 10 different plants extracts and formed AgNPs were tested against drug resistant microbes and their biofilms. These nanoparticles were characterized using UV- vis spectroscopy and TEM which confirmed their synthesis, shape and size. FTIR clearly demonstrated the presence of the bio-groups on the surface of AgNPs. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of AgNPs. TEM images were further analyzed using Image J software which showed that majority of particles were under 100 nm and majorly distributed over 1 to 60 nm size range. Their antimicrobial efficacy was checked against bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance genes like CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, OXA-1, arm A, SHV-1 and NDM-1 in gram negative bacteria and fluconazole, amphotericin B and itraconazole resistant genes in fungus. Gram positive bacteria and fungi Candida albicans were inhibited at higher MICs values in comparison to Gran negative bacterial strains. The result indicated that these particles were antibacterial in nature without

*Corresponding author: Dr. Kannan Pakshirajan, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati781039, Assam, India. E-mail: pakshi@iitg.ernet.in; Tel. +91-361-2582210; Fax. +91-361- 2690762

In the ever-advancing field of nanotechnology and materials science there has been a buzz in the air in recent years over Gold Nanorods (GNRs). Their unique structure and ease of synthesis provides a range of optical properties that can be readily manipulated. These properties can be utilised in various applications such as surface functionalisation, photothermal therapy to manage tumours and cancer cells. In this review, we will look at the current research that analyses the toxicity of GNRs and what effects the surface chemistry and synthesis have on this. We will also discuss what effect the size and shape of GNRs have on biological systems, reinforcing why they are making such a statement in the world of science.

Antimicrobial nanomaterials are gaining a lot of interest due their different modes of action. There are several mechanisms behind antimicrobial activity of a nanoparticle, and they can vary from one nanoparticle to another. The study of the interaction between the nanoparticles and the microorganisms is complex, because it depends on environmental factors of the surrounding, like temperature or pH; and properties of the particle, including chemistry, size and shape. (Beyth, et al., 2015). Some materials, like silver or copper (metals), have already antibacterial mechanisms in their bulk form, while others, do not present properties in their natural form, but can present them at nanoscale (Webster & Seil, 2012).

A lot of efforts have been made by researchers to synthesis Ag nanoparticles by various methods, such as, chemical reduction,9 gamma ray radiation,10 electrochemical method,11 laser ablation,12 microwave13 and photochemical reduction.14 In recent years, the necessity of environmental safety leads to the rising interest in biological approaches. Interestingly, green synthesis has proven many advantages to synthesis AgNPs over any other approaches due to low cost, non-toxicity, repeatability, bulk production, environmental friendly, less time consuming, ease of synthesis, avoiding capping agents used in chemical synthesis etc.15 Number of biological method to synthesized metal nanoparticles are available in literature, such as, using microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and plants.16,17 But this process involves the tedious procedure of maintaining microbial cultures. The plant extracts give a good choice for synthesis of metal nanoparticles as they are widely dispense, easily accessible and much safer to handle, nontoxic and provides a natural capping agents. Plant extracts is also of great interest for its use in antioxidant activity as plants contain a wide variety of free radicals scavenging molecules including phenols, flavonoids, vitamins, terpenoids are rich in antioxidant activity.18 Plant extracts act reducing as well as stabilizing

Nanotechnology, which is one of the new technologies, is the science and technology of designing, constructing and creating of novel nano-scale structure, 1nm to 100 nm in size, with huger quality, novel performance properties, along with fewer defects compared with those of the bulk material (Siqueira et al., 2010). An increasing interest from the scientific community to work with materials in nano metric scale has been observed since the introduction of the concept of nanotechnology by Richard Feynman in 1959. The last decade has seen advancement in every side of nanotechnology such as nano particles and powders, nano layers and coats, electrical, optic and mechanical nano devices, and nano structured biological materials (Bhattacharyya et al., 2009). Nanoscale structures permit the control of fundamental properties of materials without changing the materials’ chemical status (Murphy et al., 2011).