Advantages And Disadvantages Of Synthesis

Furthermore, the principles and metrics of green chemistry were incorporated into the synthesis reaction through the use of the benign solvent, water. Through the use of the vacuum filtration and the recrystallization procedures, the product was further purified. Subsequently, the purity and identity of the product were evaluated through the analysis tool of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Ultimately, the efficiency and greenness of the reaction were measured through the calculation of the percent yield and the atom

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The biological method of quantum dot synthesis using F. oxysporum has been proven to successfully synthesize highly photostable and luminescent QDs in an environmentally friendly manner. However, in order to increase the demand for biological methods of production, the yield of QDs synthesized by this method must be increased. This study considers several factors that affect QD synthesis by fungi and modifies them in F. oxysporum in order to increase QD yield. The fungus, F. oxysporum, was treated with osmolarity, pH, heat shock, and light intensity conditions and the resulting QD yields were compared to that of their controls, which were synthesized under the commonly used protocol for QD biosynthesis. Quantum dot yield was

“This work has led many other investigators around the world to study this nanomaterial, but we were one of the first groups to study these nanoparticles in a biomedical context.

Nano-Bio Interactions: Create novel platforms for the direct investigation of the nanoparticle-cell interactions, which are very important both to understand nanotoxicity and develop new Nanotoxicology assessment tools.

Gold has usually been regarded to be inactive as a catalyst. But gold in the form of nanoparticles shows excellent catalytic activity towards several chemical reactions (30). Nitro phenols are environmental poisons due to their toxicity (31) and inhibitory nature. In addition, Nitro phenols have highly solubility and stability in water (32). Due to this reason the reduction of 4-NP in to 4-AP is prominent. Sodium borohydride is a strong reducing agent, but, it has no ability to reduce the nitro phenol. NaBH4 is not effective in this reaction except provided with some catalyst to reduce the kinetic barrier of the reaction. A variety of catalysts were used in the past and, recently, pt (33), Ag (34) nanoparticles have been used for the same purpose.

Nanomaterials including ZnO NPs and silica based nanomaterials can enter the body through different routes via intraperitonial, intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral or by inhalation. After entering inside the body, NPs can cause pulmonary toxicity (Kaewamatawong et al., 2006; Jacobsen et al., 2015), hepatotoxicity (Mansouri et al., 2015; Watson et al., 2015), immunotoxicity (Kim et al., 2014), neurotoxicity (Karmakar et al., 2014), renal toxicity (Ben-Slama et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2015) and reprotoxicity (Xu et al., 2014). Due to their nanosize range, nanoparticles can cross the blood-testis and blood-brain barrier, and also have the trans-placental ability (De Jong et al., 2008; Lankveld et al., 2010). After crossing the

In the ever-advancing field of nanotechnology and materials science there has been a buzz in the air in recent years over Gold Nanorods (GNRs). Their unique structure and ease of synthesis provides a range of optical properties that can be readily manipulated. These properties can be utilised in various applications such as surface functionalisation, photothermal therapy to manage tumours and cancer cells. In this review, we will look at the current research that analyses the toxicity of GNRs and what effects the surface chemistry and synthesis have on this. We will also discuss what effect the size and shape of GNRs have on biological systems, reinforcing why they are making such a statement in the world of science.

There are many physical distinguishing qualities of nanoparticles, which influence their functions. The size of the nanoparticles is incredibly small. They have a novel structure, optical, and electronic properties that many large molecules lack. They also have high solubility, which may be used to reinvestigate bulk drugs that have poor solubility. This feature may provide the ability to convert drugs with poor solubility into a soluble suspensions, and as a result of that, there will be no need for toxic organic solvents. Studies have shown that nanoparticles have longer circulation time compared to large particles that are over 200 nm without regard of any surface modifications present. Another feature of nanoparticles is that they come in a variety of shapes, including spheres, discs, hemispheres,

The various methods used for the synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles include sol gel, solvothermal and hydrothermal methods[3], although new methods are now being used. One of the new methods is the use of different dopants in the synthesis of Titanium oxide nanocomposites, such as the different noble metals[11]. Also different nanoparticle coating materials and photosensitizing dyes.[13-17]

*Corresponding author: Dr. Kannan Pakshirajan, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati781039, Assam, India. E-mail: pakshi@iitg.ernet.in; Tel. +91-361-2582210; Fax. +91-361- 2690762

Nanotechnology, which is one of the new technologies, is the science and technology of designing, constructing and creating of novel nano-scale structure, 1nm to 100 nm in size, with huger quality, novel performance properties, along with fewer defects compared with those of the bulk material (Siqueira et al., 2010). An increasing interest from the scientific community to work with materials in nano metric scale has been observed since the introduction of the concept of nanotechnology by Richard Feynman in 1959. The last decade has seen advancement in every side of nanotechnology such as nano particles and powders, nano layers and coats, electrical, optic and mechanical nano devices, and nano structured biological materials (Bhattacharyya et al., 2009). Nanoscale structures permit the control of fundamental properties of materials without changing the materials’ chemical status (Murphy et al., 2011).

Silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized via a green route using 10 different plants extracts and formed AgNPs were tested against drug resistant microbes and their biofilms. These nanoparticles were characterized using UV- vis spectroscopy and TEM which confirmed their synthesis, shape and size. FTIR clearly demonstrated the presence of the bio-groups on the surface of AgNPs. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of AgNPs. TEM images were further analyzed using Image J software which showed that majority of particles were under 100 nm and majorly distributed over 1 to 60 nm size range. Their antimicrobial efficacy was checked against bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance genes like CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, OXA-1, arm A, SHV-1 and NDM-1 in gram negative bacteria and fluconazole, amphotericin B and itraconazole resistant genes in fungus. Gram positive bacteria and fungi Candida albicans were inhibited at higher MICs values in comparison to Gran negative bacterial strains. The result indicated that these particles were antibacterial in nature without

A lot of efforts have been made by researchers to synthesis Ag nanoparticles by various methods, such as, chemical reduction,9 gamma ray radiation,10 electrochemical method,11 laser ablation,12 microwave13 and photochemical reduction.14 In recent years, the necessity of environmental safety leads to the rising interest in biological approaches. Interestingly, green synthesis has proven many advantages to synthesis AgNPs over any other approaches due to low cost, non-toxicity, repeatability, bulk production, environmental friendly, less time consuming, ease of synthesis, avoiding capping agents used in chemical synthesis etc.15 Number of biological method to synthesized metal nanoparticles are available in literature, such as, using microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and plants.16,17 But this process involves the tedious procedure of maintaining microbial cultures. The plant extracts give a good choice for synthesis of metal nanoparticles as they are widely dispense, easily accessible and much safer to handle, nontoxic and provides a natural capping agents. Plant extracts is also of great interest for its use in antioxidant activity as plants contain a wide variety of free radicals scavenging molecules including phenols, flavonoids, vitamins, terpenoids are rich in antioxidant activity.18 Plant extracts act reducing as well as stabilizing

Nanoparticle’s surface energy also increases as the size reduces (Guozhong, 2005). There is a strong tendency for a particle to minimize this thermodynamic unfavourable energy making dangling bonds (Henry , 2008).Therefore, the reactivity of a nanoparticle increases drastically as its size reaches a few nm (Agrawal , 2013)