Advantages And Disadvantages Of UPLC

Samples of benzophenone, malonic acid, and biphenyl were each tested with water, methyl alcohol, and hexane. Benzophenone was insoluble in water as it is nonpolar while water is highly polar. Benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol, dissolving in 15 seconds, because methyl alcohol is intermediately polar as benzophenone is nonpolar. Methyl alcohol is polar but not as much as water. Thus, the nonpolar benzophenone was soluble in methyl alcohol. Benzophenone was partially soluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar as is benzophenone. Thus, benzophenone was dissolved in hexane. Malonic acid was soluble in water because both malonic acid and water are polar. It took 25 seconds for malonic acid to dissolve in water. Malonic acid was soluble in methyl alcohol because malonic acid is polar and methyl alcohol is intermediately polar, allowing malonic acid to dissolve in the methanol in 15 seconds. Malonic acid was insoluble in hexane because hexane is nonpolar while malonic acid is polar. Biphenyl was insoluble in water as water is highly polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar. Biphenyl was partially soluble in methanol which is intermediately polar whilst biphenyl is nonpolar, allowing it to dissolve a little. Biphenyl was soluble in hexane because both biphenyl and hexane are nonpolar molecules. Biphenyl dissolved in hexane in 10 seconds.

6. The solubility of the solids were tested using a micro tray, by placing them in water and oil to observe their polarity,

The eluting solvent passed down the column by the gravity and an equilibrium was established between the solute absorbed by the absorbent (silica gel in this experiment) and the eluting solving flowing down. Since the components in the sample had different polarity and they interacted with the stationary phase and the mobile phase differently, the components would be carried by the solvent to a different extent and a separation of the components could be achieved.

In the extraction of certain compounds, solubility plays an important factor in how the procedure is performed. The identification of which solvent is best for the substance is crucial. The relation of polarity between the solute and solvent is determined at a molecular level. The relationship between the solvent and solute needed shared similar characteristics. Polar solutes are dissolved in polar solvents while nonpolar solutes are dissolved in nonpolar solvents. From a chemical level, molecules are attracted to other similar molecules closest to their properties. Polar molecules are only attracted to polar molecules in both the solute and the solvent, and the same goes for nonpolar molecules. This explanation

(1) Next test performed was the solubility test, which narrowed down the identity of the main functional group of the solution using the chart on page 455 of reference 1. Each solubility test was performed by taking 2mL of the solvent and adding 1 drop of the unknown in a small test tube. Once both solvent and solute were in the test tube it could be gently tapped with a finger to ensure mixing. If the mixture had a line of heterogeneous quality than the solute was insoluble in the solvent; if mixture appeared homogenous than it was soluble. Performing this technique throughout the chart with each solvent the functional group was eventually deduced down.

Introduction Thin-layer chromatography, also known as TLC, is a principle that describes how various compounds travel multiple distances when placed as a thin layer on a plate. TLC is a technique that can be used to determine how many components are in a mixture. TLC can also be used to determine a specific compound in a mixture. After performing TLC, the retention factor (Rf) can be used to determine a specific compound in a mixture. The retention factor (Rf) is During TLC, there is a step called elution.

Prepared 2 tables in the lab notebook with solutes and 3 test solvents which are : acetonitrile, cyclohexane and water. One will be for the solubility prediction and another one for the actual data. Predict whether or not the solute will be soluble in the 3 solvents on the table. Compare the IMF in solute and solvent to predict solubility. If soluble write (S),slightly soluble(SS) and (I) for insoluble and which IMF will be the dominant one. Starting with water as the solvent.Obtain 8 test tubes and label them with the name of solutes: acetone,cyclohexane dichloromethane,acetonitrile ,glucose,benzoic acid,sodium sulfate and oleic acid. For the solutes, either weigh out 0.05g of solids or add 10 drops of liquid into the test tubes. Add 1 mL or 20 drops of water to each test tube and stir.

The mobile phase is prepared by dissolving a pinch of salt in 50 mL of room temperature distilled water. The salt is stirred until completely dissolved and set aside to use in step 12.

After realizing that the solvent moved up in ¾ the TLC plate was removed and marked where the solvent reached by using a pencil. The next step was spotting under UV light, and draw around different spot appeared. The Rf value obtained, showed a close range between Tylenol and acetaminophen, and between Anacin and Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). This combination were also used in Co- spotting where on TLC plate, only two dots were drawn and placed a sample of acetaminophen overlapping Tylenol and Anacin overlapping aspirin on a second spot, and then used UV light gave two spot as predicated. Throughout this experiment possibly some error could have happened, like not putting the a lid on developing chamber as soon as possible, the solvent dried so fast when removed from glass jar this could have caused error in drawing a line in the wrong place and therefore interfering with our Rf values. TLC experiment are useful in biochemical analysis in separation of biochemical metabolites or constituent from its body fluids, blood plasm, and urine. TLC can be used in pharmaceutical industry for detection of impurity in a pharmacopoeias chemical (TLC

Although high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is provided by most companies to show that the material is pure, yet, doesn’t really reveal much as the product supplied was purely an incorrect compound.

Through this experiment, I determined the components of a mixture of compounds by Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC). By using this method, I was able to make an identification by detecting the presence or absence of particular compounds by comparing the Rf values of known compounds to an unknown sample. For this experiment, the list of possible compounds in the samples are as follows: Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Salicylamide, Caffeine, and Phenacetin. To compare the Rf values of the possible compounds to an unknown sample, I chose TLC 4 as my unknown. Although I calculated several Rf values, the only values that were important were the values of the spots of the known compounds that lined up with the unknown spots on the TLC plate. Through careful

A measurement of around 0.5 µL, for each compound, was inserted into a gas chromatography in such a way, a syringe holding the compound was pushed down into a column and injection occurred to then start the machine in separating the compound. A computer was right beside it, indicating the graph of multiple peaks and later, after a duration of 4 minutes, a graph was printed out and obtained to then analyze the retention times and percent composition. “The percent composition was found by inserting the following values into the following equation,

Both table 1.1 and 1.2 show how far the solvent front migrated up the TLC plate and how far the spots for each sample moved. From this information, the Rf value was calculated by dividing the distance moved by the spot by the distance migrated by the solvent. For example, for unknown X, the distance moved by the spot was 36mm and the solvent front migrated by a total of 61mm across the TLC plate. Thus Rf value is, 36/61 = 0.59. The same method of calculation was used to work out the remaining Rf values.

Among the currently available bioanalytical techniques, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) has gained a considerable attention in recent years and has been shine out as the most favorite analytical tool for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis because of its high speed, lower consumption of solvent and time, better resolution and better sensitivity.

Lidl is a European discount supermarket chain of German origin that operates 7,000 stores. It belongs to the holding company Schwarz, which also owns the store chains Handelshof and Kaufland. It was founded in the 1930s by a member of the Schwarz family. In the 1970s, the first Lidl stores of today's incarnation opened. The first Lidl discount store was opened in 1973, copying the Aldi concept. In 1977, the Lidl chain comprised 33 discount stores. Lidl has established itself in over 17 countries its expansion began in 1990s.