Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vesicles

The name is derived from the Latin word “transferre” which means “to carry across” and the Greek word “soma” means “body” means “carrying body”. Transfersomes, a novel class of modified liposomes, was first reported by Cevc [Cevc et al; 1992] and are described as deformable, elastic or ultra-flexible liposomes or vesicles [Benson; 2006]. They are claimed to improve in vitro transdermal delivery of a variety of drugs. The deformability possessed by transfersomes is the outcome of incorporation of an edge activator within the phospholipid bilayers and this improves elasticity by means of lipid bilayer destabilization [Dubey et al; 2007]. Commonly used edge activators are single chain surfactants such as sodium cholate and Tween 80. It is well known that barrier of stratum corneum prevent hydrophilic and large molecular drugs through skin but transfersomes are able to squeeze through conduits one-tenth the diameter of the vesicles, allowing them to spontaneous penetrate the stratum corneum [Cevc et al; 1996] Moreover, Cevc et

Using of spinel ferrites nanoparticles in electromagnetic devices such as memories, sensors and data storage in modern information technology applications [1-3] made many researchers all over the world do all efforts for synthesis and development of magnetic nano-particles. These nano-particles possess special magnetic and electrical properties with high

Background and Introduction: The plasma membrane of a cell consist of an amphipathic phospholipid bilayer which separates the extracellular fluid outside of the cell from the intracellular fluid within the cell. Also present in the membrane are proteins, either integral (stretch across the membrane and contain hydrophilic and lipophilic sections) as well as peripheral proteins (located either on the inside or outside portion of membrane). The different types of membrane proteins include channel, carrier, receptor, enzyme, adhesion, and marker proteins. These membranes serve multiple purposes in regards to the function of a cell: holding in the cytoplasm and organelles, link cells located next to each other, the beginning of signal transduction, and, the focus of today’s experiment, the plasma membrane of a cell acts as a restrictive and discriminatory barrier to what enters and exits a cell (Tandy 2016). Because of this selectivity, membranes can be described as semipermeable or selectively permeable. The rate at which a substance crosses the plasma membrane, per unit time, is called flux. Many factors effect the rate of flux: Membrane thickness, lipid-solubility, temperature,

Lipid rafts are defined as the subdomains of the plasma membrane that exist as distinct liquid-ordered regions of the membrane [1]. These membrane domains preferentially arise due to the interaction of specific lipids. They are mobile, dynamic and insoluble in non-ionic detergents such as Triton X-100 [2]. Lipid rafts are enriched in cholesterol, sphingolipids and phospholipids within cell membranes (Figure 1).

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to James Rothman, Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof for the work that they did on transport vesicles within the cellular membrane. The recipients discovered how the cellular transport system was organized so that transport material was delivered to the correct site with proper timing. Rothman discovered how the vesicle is able to fuse with a cell membrane or organelle to deliver its contents. Schekman through the study of yeast isolated the genes required to code for vesicle transport. Südhof found the signals that tell vesicles when to release their contents.

Aim 1: Formulate and optimize fluorescently-coated SPIO nanoparticles for cellular uptake by rMSCs. Fluorescently-coated SPIO nanoparticles will be formulated by an existing water-in-oil reverse micelle method protocol [7]. The

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles obtained by hydration of synthetic nonionic surfactants, with or without incorporation of cholesterol or other lipids. They are vesicular systems similar to liposomes that can be used as carriers of amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs [5]. Niosomes are promising vehicle for drug delivery and being non-ionic; they are less toxic and improve the therapeutic index of drug by restricting their action to target

The cosmetic industry is steadily probing for discovery of new formulations with effective delivery system having biological activity. Nanoscience is one of the widely used technologies and finds its applications in the cosmetic industry. Nanotechnology thus is a transformative and new technical revolution and is being used for alteration of physical properties of an enormous range of products from moisturisers, sun blocks, anti-ageing lotions to liquid make up, hair styling and colouring agents, soothing creams etc. However the use of various techniques such as the liposome, niosome, nanocrystal, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, nanosome, nanotubes has their own share of advantages and disadvantages. This article aims at describing some

Therefore, based on the property of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts which involves the repelling and coordinating forces the amphiphiles are considered to be powerful building blocks and they aggregate to form great molecular assemblies like micelles or vesicles. The properties and structure of the assembly formed majorly depends on the structural design of the amphiphiles. For example natural phospholipids consist of one hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails. When they are diffused in to water they instinctively form bilayers.

In comparison to phospholipids, surfactants offer the advantages of being relatively inexpensive and simple to store40. The bilayer structure of niosomes provides the same selective accumulation in tumor tissues, permeability to biological membranes, and controlled release as liposomes41. Niosome formulations typically require cholesterol and other membrane stabilizers to prevent aggregation and leakage of the encapsulated material. In liposome formulations, small quantities of PEG are incorporated to “coat” the structure and prevent recognition by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) to increase blood circulation time40. Commonly, DSPE-mPEG2000 is the PEG conjugate of choice and even small quantities can significantly influence the

Among several newer and promising new drug-delivery systems, liposomes represent an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action. They were first observed in late 1960. Their major purpose is to increase the therapeutic index of any drug and minimizing its side effects. Some of the anti-neoplastic agent are not able to reach at the therapeutic concentration at their site of action and some conventional drugs have a lot of side effect. One way to overcome this problem is by releasing the drug at specified site for a certain time period, which in turn maintains the therapeutic concentration of the drug.

Cancer is a disease that involves abnormal growth of cells with a danger of spreading over other parts of the body. Modern biological researches being made to treat different forms of cancer have all been using one common material: nanoparticles. These particles have properties useful for the treatment of cancer like their stability in solvents, the adjustable surface chemistry for delivery, and the ideal size to deliver bio organic ligands to cells1. Even combining together nanoparticles with different functionality increases their potential use in cancer treatment. The common use of the particles in treatment is to direct them to target cells with antibodies attached to their surfaces. There is a monetary limitation to this method needing large and expensive machines. Some methods require the particles to be heated with a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine or an electromagnetic field which causes death of cells around the target cells.

The CA membrane precursor solution was prepared according to a previous procedure.[reference] The pore size of the CA membrane (~6 Å) filters out non-gaseous molecules typically secreted by cells (i.e. proteins). The average membrane thickness is determined to be ~100 nm using atomic force microscopy (AFM). This is shown in Figure 1.The second modification is introduced to the T-CUAs via one-step electrodeposition of chitosan gold nanoparticles (CS/GNPs). Figure 2 shows scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of an unmodified T-CUA, a modified CS/GNPs T-CUAs. Although, the size of the GNPs ranges from 5 to 80 nm, there is an

Among different novel drug delivery systems, phytosomes are well-known as biocompatible nanocarriers that have been used to improve solubility and permeability of different phytopharmaceuticals. They are considered as self-assembled nanocarriers that based on phospholipid complexation approach. This type of complexation involved formation of hydrogen bonding between the polar head of phospholipid and the drug polar moieties. Such bonding imparts phytosomes superior stability profile than other vesicular phospholipid based systems like liposomes. Additionally, phospholipids can promote drug permeation through buccal mucosa by virtue of their solubilizing action as well as their essential role in maintaining cell membrane fluidity. However, up to our knowledge, no study has

Hence, different size of SHMNCs need to be fabricated (Table 2). The pores size on the surface of SHMNCs are controllable by choosing different nanomasks’ diameter. The size of each pore will be approximately around 25-35% of nanomask diameter. For instance, using 100, 60 and 40 nm nanomasks diameter, result mesoporous of 30±4, 20±3 and 12±2 nm in diameter, respectively [23]. The pore size should not be smaller than the maximum length of enzyme which needs to be loaded in SHMNCs. Here, since the maximum size of enzyme is 12.2 nm (CaMKII), the pores size cannot be less than 12 nm. Therefore, the 40 nm nanomask is the smallest nanomask that will be applied to create SHMNCs.