Advantages And Disadvantages Of Warfarin

• Serially dilute the 4 mg/ml solution with buffer A to make working solutions of 400 µg/ml and 40 µg/ml.

Coumadin (non specific name: warfarin) is an anticoagulant, or blood diminishing drug, that is endorsed to numerous patients who are at danger for creating blood clusters that could bring about heart assaults or strokes. Warfarin is near the most astounding purpose recently and simultaneous investigations of medications that provoke ER visits and occurring an expansion in healing center based offices with the affirmation of patients. Anticoagulation treatment stances perils to patients and over and over prompts unfavorable solution events in light of complex dosing, fundamental ensuing watching, and clashing patient consistence. As a result, various patients who meet current evidence based principles for warfarin treatment are not being managed

Stroke was defined as the sudden onset of a focal neurologic deficit in a location associated with the area of a major cerebral artery. The primary safety outcome was major hemorrhage and was defined as a reduction in the hemoglobin level of at least 20 g/L, transfusion of at least 2 units of blood, or symptomatic bleeding in a critical organ or area. Results were calculated using the Cox proportional-hazards modeling. Systolic embolism or stroke occurred in 199 patients receiving warfarin, 182 patients receiving 110 mg of dabigatran twice daily, and in 134 patients receiving dabigatran 150 mg twice daily. Major bleeding events occurred in 3.36% of participants per year with warfarin, 2.71% per year in patients that received 110 mg of dabigatran, and 3.11% per year in those receiving 150 mg of dabigatran. From calculated data, results revealed that dabigatran administered at a dose of 110 mg twice daily was non-inferior to that of warfarin. Lower rates of stroke were associated with dabigatran administered at a dose of 150 mg twice daily compared with that of warfarin. For safety, it was concluded that the risk of bleeding was lowest with dabigatran 110mg twice daily, and was similar between dabigatran 150 mg twice daily and

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Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent cardiac arrhythmia. There has always associated risk of clot formation and embolization that can lead to ischemic stroke. A large number of these ischemic events could be prevented by timely anticoagulation. Warfarin has been used for decades for this purpose, but there are many problems for the patients due to warfarin therapy like there is continuous need of INR monitoring, many food and drug interactions of the drug, late onset of action and risk of major bleeding. Anticoagulation with the Novel oral anticoagulants e.g. Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, endoxaban led to similar or even lower rates of ischemic stroke and major bleeding compared to an adjusted dose of warfarin (INR 2-3) in patients

Vitamin E may enhance antiplatelet effects and anticoagulant therapy. Monitoring will need to be done on this patient since he is also taking warfarin and aspirin. ( cite)

Anticoagulants are a type of drug that reduces the body’s ability to form blood clots in the blood by inhibiting the production of vitamin K in the liver. The goals of the anticoagulant therapy are to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and artificial heart valves. In patients with PE/DVT, the primary goal of the anticoagulant is to prevent an existing clot from getting larger. Anticoagulant drugs can be used after surgery to prevent new blood clots. Anticoagulant drugs increase the risk of bleeding. Because of this risk, it is essentially important to educate the patient to take the medication exactly as directed and never take larger or more frequent doses. The challenges of anticoagulant therapy are to keep it in the therapeutic

5. Based on this study, apixaban is superior to warfarin, but why in the clinical setting, warfarin is still the first line medication to be used in atrial fibrillation patients?

The purpose of the experiment was to identify the concentration of an unknown solution by performing a serial dilution to provide reference for comparison. Serial dilutions are extremely useful for identifying unknown substances as the gradual discolouration of the solution allows for simple comparison. Although serial dilutions are extremely helpful for chemists, they are often used to help microbiologists reliably count the number of bacteria living in a host or an environment. Blodgett states that serial dilutions can help estimate the concentration of target microbes in a sample; this estimation is useful when counting the bacteria for low concentrations of organisms (Blodgett, 2013). Having an estimate of the concentration of bacteria

Anticoagulant drugs are used to reduce and block the process of blood clotting. They differ from anti-platelet medications such as low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel.

There are many steps to prepare a quantitive solution. First you have to calculate the molar mass of solution. Then you place the solution into 1000mL of water, making a 1M solution. After you make a 1M solution you change it to the designated amount, and change the molar mass, and the molar solution. Finally you have the need molar solution all you have to change is the volume, and for that you simply divide both the the mass and volume by the same number you need to obtain the designated volume. In order to prepare 500 mL of a .25 M aqueous solution of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate there are a few specifically steps you need to follow. First you have to find out the molar mass of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate, which is 380g. Then you weigh

4) Physicochemical properties of the drug Molecular Weight Captopril : C9H15NO3S Molecular weight of atom = C : 12.01 ,H : 1.0 ,N : 14.01 ,O : 16.0 ,S : 32.07 Calculation of molecular weight = (12.01x9) + (1.0x15) + (14.01x1) + (16.0x3) + (32.07x1) = 217.17 g/mol Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) and Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) HBD HBA Figure 1 : Structure of Captopril Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) is when electronegative atom with lone pairs such as Fluorine (F), Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N) while Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) is when hydrogen atom attached to a more electronegative atom such as O and N.(wikibooks, 2013) From Figure 1, Captopril

Anticoagulation therapy is indicated for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF), and for the treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolism. The vitamin K antagonist warfarin has been the most commonly used anticoagulant for the prevention of AF related thromboembolic complications for the past 60 years. Warfarin’s effectiveness is complicated by its variable pharmacokinetic profile, narrow therapeutic index, and numerous food and drug interactions. These limitations have led to the development of more ideal target-specific oral anticoagulants. Four target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs), also commonly referred to as novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), have been approved by the

As the most common cardiac arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF) significantly increases the risk of ischemic stroke.(1) Anticoagulation is an important management approach to lower the risk of thromboembolism in AF.(2) Warfarin has been the mainstay of oral therapy to prevent stroke in AF patients for over 60 years.(3) A meta-analysis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation shows that warfarin has a 64% reduction in the relative risks of stroke and 26% for all-cause mortality.(4) Owing to the need for systematic monitoring for international normalized ratio (INR) and the risk of various types of bleeding, warfarin is underutilized.(5) Patients who receive warfarin only spend 63.6% of the treatment time in the therapeutic range.(6)

Warfarin and novel anticoagulants are increasingly utilized for the prevention of clotting in various increased risk disease states or anatomic changes including atrial fibrillation, the presence of artificial heart valves, and development of repeated deep venous thromboses (1-3). While the potential benefits of anticoagulation are useful, the risk of hemorrhage increases significantly (4). The incidence of major bleeding has been estimated at 1–3% annually and is even greater when the international normalized ratio (INR) is greater than 4.5 (4). Coinciding with the increased utilization of anticoagulant medications is the increasing incidence of emergency general surgery (EGS) disease such as acute cholecystitis, peptic ulcer