Advantages And Limitations Of Pharmacogenomics

The dangers and possible harmful effects that these medications hold for a young child will not help the parents feel too convinced about the usage of medication. As stated in Time this month, “We know that kids are not just little adults, they metabolize medications differently” (Kluger, et al). Parents might feel scared or reluctant to administer medication after hearing assertions about the dangers. Parents worry enough about their kids everyday without the use of a strong medication. The tendency to assume that doctors fear the usage of medication in children is overwhelming. It is more than clear to see why parents, or anyone affected by this disorder

The National Prescribing Centre recognize some fundamental differences in the absorption, distribution and excretion of medicines between adults and children. The differences are published in the National Prescribing Centre’s bulletin, produced by

The results showed that there are only about 13.6 out of 128 infants born small for gestational age. It showed that venlafaxine was commonly used after the first trimester in the second. That is where the risk went up for the small gestational for age occurred mostly. It was compared with the ones who did not use any antidepressants and showed a relative risk of about ninety-five percent risk. In the end, there was no

Medication has also become increasingly complex. There has been a massive increase in the number and variety of medications available. In addition, many medications have different routes of delivery, variable actions (long acting, short

A-children require more water soluble drugs since they have more body water compared to elderly who have reduced body water hence they are prone to toxicity of water soluble drugs

A physicians trained in pediatrics should be assigned and responsible for oversight of medication management.

According to Kanneh, six “rights” of medication administration need to be implemented with every patient. Drugs are not always one hundred percent safe, but observing the six rights will make administration safer (Kanneh, 2011). These rights include the right person, drug, dosage, time, route, and documentation (Kanneh, 2011). It is more likely for an adverse reaction to occur if a drug is given to the wrong patient because of his or her own allergies and appropriate age of a child for a dose needs to be taken into consideration (Kanneh, 2011). A child’s age is important because metabolism of drugs is different for each year of childhood (Kanneh, 2011).

It is based on the belief that all drugs are taking through pathways to break them down. The pathways are able to break down the drugs so they can digest into the person’s system. It tailors drug for a person’s use. How the drug is processed is how well you will react to it. Pharmacogenetics is when scientists examine the genomes of an individual genetic gene. It combines the science of drug and the study of genes and functions.It’s the study of how people get affected by drugs.The drugs that are administered, has to be broken down. The pathways are created by our genes.

Accurate therapeutic response assessment is of paramount importance in a clinical setting where decisions need to be taken about whether to continue or change a treatment regime. Validated methods of therapeutic response assessment also have a major role in the development of new drugs. Identification of potential responders or non-responders and identification of the at risk population for side effects

Personalized medicine demonstrates a large demand in oncogenomics: the study of the molecular pathways that underlie cancer (Tannock et al, 2016, p. 1289). The gene sequencing of multiple cancers has led to the “progress in molecular pathology [with] decreasing cost, increasing speed and [a] more comprehensive” evaluation towards treatment methods for specific cancers (Tannock et al, 2016, p. 1289). This process allows for individuals with cancerous tumours to have the DNA within these cancerous tumours to be screened for their virulence and pathogenicity. Intratumour heterogeneity is the major setback for the implementation of personalized cancer treatments for tumours: tumours often arise from different tumor cells, which increases the variability of the target cell for the treatment itself (Tannock et al, 2016, p. 1290). Due to this constant change in the composition of tumours, a single personalized treatment approach is difficult to come across for full efficacy

Liver or kidney failure, liver cancer or neurological crises commonly bring about deaths by the age of 10 in the absence of treatment. Fortunately, with prompt diagnosis combinded with nitisinone treatment and diet management, outlook is positive with a 90% and higher survival rate. On receival of treatment, affected children are able to grow to their normal size and have better liver and kidney functions. A more normal bone structure is also

The chemical genetics approach uses small molecules to perturb a biological system. In a “forward” chemical genetics approach, a biological system is exposed to a collection, or “library,” of assorted molecules, to screen for compound(s) that generate a phenotype of interest1. The intracellular targets of these small molecules can be identified and their functionalities can be interrogated to discover the biological mechanisms through which they exert their influence1. Alternatively, a “reverse” genetics approach involves using specific molecules

It is now accepted worldwide that before a drug is brought into routine use its efficacy, safety, and the balance between two need to be formally demonstrated. The efficacy of new drugs nowadays is almost invariably established with a technique known as ‘randomized controlled trial’.

The drugs that are used to treat neonates can be used multipurposely and often innovation drives creative uses of drugs to treat uncommon multifactorial complications (Allegaert & van den Anker, 2015). Knowledge of the drugs and their adverse effects is increasingly important when dosing a neonate. Due to their undeveloped body systems, in an event of an undesired reaction or drug error, the neonate would not be able to compensate and recover like the other patient groups may (Skene, Gupta, Flaherty, & Sherwood, 2012). Furthermore, this stresses the importance of being competent in drug calculations and being aware of the effect of medicines on this particularly vulnerable patient group (Stavroudis, Shore, Morlock, Hicks, Bundy, & Miller,

The assessment of bioequivalence as a tool for evaluating the safety and efficacy is based on the fundamental Bioequivalence Assumption that if two drug products are shown to be bioequivalent in average bioavailability, it is assumed they will reach the same therapeutic effect and be used interchangeably [1].