Advantages Of Eye Tracking

When looking at the video of the bouncing balls, the first step of the perceptual process begins when the balls (also in this case referred to as the distal stimuli) reach receptors in the eye. The "ball" the individual is observing is the distal stimuli because it is the object in the environment being sensed. The light from the balls on the screen then get reflected and reach the visual preceptors. This is step 2 of the visual processes and can be considered the Principle of Transformation. This principle states that stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed or changed between the distal stimulus and perception. When the light reflected enters the eye, it is transformed as it is focused by the eye's optical system. At this stage the light is focused by the cornea and the lens which respectively make up the front of the eye: the cornea in front and the lens directly behind it. At this point of the process the optics of the eye form a sharp image of the balls on the receptors of our retina. This image of the balls that we now see is considered the proximal stimulus due to its position in reference to the receptors. The individual is now able to see the "image" of the balls, and if all optics are working correctly this will be a clear crisp

For my term project, I would like to build a program that has the capabilities to judge people’s moods based on their current facial expressions. My project would need user’s to have a webcam or an external camera. In addition, this project requires users to follow certain guidelines to ensure that the project works properly. Users must be in a well-lit area, do not cover their face, and are not wearing anything over their eyes, mouth, and face. Upon following these guidelines, my project will use the user’s eyes and mouth to determine their mood. The five moods that my program will be able to recognize are happy, sad, calm neutral, fear/stress, and angry/disgust.

The first three we had looked at was the Phenakistoscope, Praxinoscope and the Thaumatrope. Viktor demonstrated all three methods which was fascinating. These popular devices were inspired in the nineteenth century by Peter Mark Roget’s theory of visual persistence, which held that our eyes retain an image for a fraction of a second, permitting a series of still images to become “fused” as a moving image.

With new technology comes new ways to let disabilied people use more items. An example is, voice recognition screen readers can help peole who are blind. For instance, eye-tracking programs can make using computers simple for people who can´t move their hands.

The 1800s was a time of, “advancement, invention and enterprise in the world of moving images.” Thomas Edison, with the help of his assistants, created and patented the Kinetograph and Kinetoscope in 1891. These tools later created series of still frames that passed at a continuous rate. Because of the defect persistence of vision, the average person views a moving image. By “1894, attempts [by Lumiere Brothers] were made to replicate and improve Edison’s Kinetoscope design.”

The second main step in eye tracking is to properly fit the headband on the participant or yourself. Wearing the headband will allow you to set up the eye cameras. The headband contains the following parts: electronic box, clamp, height adjustment, rod clamp, camera bucket, rod clamp, head camera, rod, eye camera, spring clamp, and camera handle. The first step is to allow the Eyelink system to run for at least five minutes after it has been turned on on the operating computer. This is done to stabilize the software and prevent glitches (EyeLink System Documentation 56).

Individuals with sight problems can adjust color and brightness to assist them in viewing programs. Children with hearing problems can adjust volume controls and replace noise commands with visual commands. For example, if a child clicks on a program that is unable to open, they can program the computer to respond with a verbal message informing them of the inaccessible program, as opposed to the usual noise response. “Laptop computers can provide high-tech tools for note taking because of their mobility”(Barfield, 2003, p. 1). Customized computers also offer many different options for individuals depending on their needs. Touch screens, and touch pads enable an individual to use a computer by simply touching a screen or pad with his/her finger. “This often allows students who have fine motor problems, inaccurate keyboard skills, or problems with spelling to complete programs without frustration (Olson, 2000, p. 344). Voice activated computers allow students to use a microphone to enter information into the computer. Positions of buttons and switches can also be changed to accommodate an individuals certain needs. Other parts of the computer can also be altered to aid an individual with special needs. For example, individuals with limited motor control often use a key guard. “A keyguard is a keyboard overlay with holes positioned over each key. This assists in stabilization of finger, hand, or stick movement (Ray, 1995, p.

BLUF: I think this is something you may to want to engage with pediatric and help assist establishing guidelines for their vision screen which is a handheld autorefractor.

According to NLP, automatic, unconscious eye movements known as “eye accessing cues” often accompany and indicate particular thought processes. These eye accessing cues indicate whether a person is thinking in images, sounds, self-talk, or through their feelings. In other words, visual cues, auditory cues and kinaesthetic cues. Eye accessing cues are often summarised as VAK and VAK(r) . When looking at a person’s face the VAK represents the left side and the VAK(r) indicates the right side this can also be put into a grid of three zones – upper, middle and lower. The method of eye accessing cues can be confusing at the beginning and I often relate to the following simple example of the most common “eye accessing cues” directions. I use

Accommodation is a monocular cue involving the ciliary muscles attached to the lens in each eye which contract to alter the lenses’ shape to enable the eye to focus on nearby objects. This process is achieved when the lens changes its shape. It is the adjustment of the eye in which it enables to keep an object in focus

The HMD could even track the user’s head movements so that the field of view would change appropriately as the user looked around.

The image is fed through two independent vision channels that then run through an image processing stabilising computer system. The computer reduces the "noise" of the image and enhances the edges of the objects seen. The surgeon can also control the movement and zoom of the endoscope camera through hand controls and foot pedals.

In this paper, we proposed an eye-movement tracking system. Based on Electro-Oculography (E.O.G) technology we detected the signal with different directions in eye-movements and then analyzed to understand what they represented about (e.g. horizontal direction or vertical direction). This enables people to control applications using bio-electric signals recorded from the body. In an Electrooculogram (EOG) based, signals during various eye (cornea) movements are employed to generate control signals. Electrooculography is a technique for measuring the resting potential of the retina. The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. Moreover, it is simpler to complete the feature extraction and analysis of EOG signals. So, it will achieve more success to design of wheelchair guidance by EOG.

GAZE ESTIMATION USING A LOW COST WEBCAM Abhishek Kuntal and Tanya Jha New York University Abstract In this project we develop an integrated vision system which reliably detects Human Gaze using a low cost webcam. We detect the user face using Haar-Like features and then use neural networks to estimate the gaze point. KEYWORDS Computer Vision, tracking, head pose, gaze tracking, neural networks. 1. INTRODUCTION Object recognition is a process for identifying a specific object in a digital image or video. Object recognition algorithms rely on matching, learning, or pattern recognition algorithms using appearance-based or feature-based techniques. Visual Perception according to Wikipedia is the ability to understand and interpret the surrounding environment by processing information that is contained in visible light. Visual recognition services like IBM Watson Visual Recognition Service etc. allows users to understand the contents of an image or video frame and to give user the answer of the question “What is in this image?” thereby improving our visual perception of the scene. There has been rapid development in the field for eye tracking. The traditional methods in eye tracking required systems to be intrusive, i.e. they require the user’s head to be fixed or mounted on an equipment to restrict movement but now systems are evolved to the point where the user can freely move. In our method we implement gaze tracking using a simple webcam. The simplest application of gaze

Abstract— This paper describes an eye-movement method based on electrooculography (EOG) to develop a system for assisting disabled people. Its most important features are mobility, portability, modularity which making it adaptable to the particular needs of each user according to the type of handicap involved. A human-machine interfaces (HMI) is a system that provides an output channel for the brain and does not depend on peripheral muscles and nerves. We are focusing the mainly on EOG signals for the human–machine interface for controlling a wheelchair , where the control is actually effected by eye movements . This device includes wireless EOG signal acquisition components, electrodes and an EOG signal classification algorithm. The EOG classification algorithm is based on extracting features from the electrical signals corresponding to four directions of eye movement (up, down, left, right) .this control technique could be useful in multiple applications, such as mobility and communication aid for handicapped persons.