Prices based on short-run marginal costs and long-run incremental costs promote efficient production. However, the revenue derived on the basis of these two cost-concepts does not cover total costs because they do not account for all the costs that are incurred by a telecom operator. In contrast, fully-allocated costs cover all costs. Despite this, there is increasing emphasis on using long-run incremental costs for cost-based pricing because they promote efficiency, while fully-allocated costs foster inefficiency. Long-run incremental costs cover a greater portion of total costs than marginal costs, and incorporate dynamic elements such as technical change and economies of scale.
Different variants of long-run incremental costs can be calculated depending on the level of output, time period and technologies used. A wide coverage is provided by total service long-run incremental costs (TSLRIC), which
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This is done either by providing a range within which prices can be fixed by the operators, or by not extending price regulation to certain products (normally products with competitive markets or those that are not considered essential).
A flexible price range is usually provided under a price cap methodology, which imposes an upper limit on the average price increase for a basket of telecom services. This increase is specified under a formula which usually incorporates a need to decrease prices due to a rise in productivity. For certain specific services, sub-baskets are devised with conditions different from the overall basket. The price cap methodology provides considerable flexibility to take account of various policy objectives, including equity and efficiency of
In the technologically driven world, economists take into account the degree of elasticity for both the early adopters and the late adopters. Due to lagged demand and network effects in these markets, firms have to follow certain pricing strategies. We will form an economic analysis on how these topics are related and what type of pricing strategies firms have to follow when these conditions are present.
Because of the fewness of companies in this type of industry, which is typical of an oligopoly; they get to make their price. In the USA, the auto companies certainly do make their own price.
However, when the equilibrium price is beyond the expectation of a fair market value, for reasons of political or social concerns governments will intervene in the market and establish limits on such things as wages, apartment rents, electricity, or agricultural commodities. Government uses price ceilings and price floors to keep prices below or above market equilibrium. (Stone, 2012, page 68)
I have a prediction about the main character in Firestarter, Charlie McGee. My prediction is that Charlie will continue to grow in power. There is a quote that had me thinking if she could become more powerful throughout the book and the quote is “The really odd thing about Charlie was that she didn’t seem to have any limits. Most kids get tired after a while, but Charlie keeps going and going”(King 192). This quote proves that Charlie might not be at full potential right at this point in the book and could possibly keep going.
The term cost behavior is used to describe whether a cost changes as output changes. In this case the costs are tightly shielded. In order to describe the cost behavior of the industry, we have to study the process that results in cost incurrence. Based on the information in the AT&T case, the industry features a high proportion of fixed costs in relation to acquiring spectrum and building a network. Variable costs are relatively low and, in the case of text messages, are very low. The cost structure in the wireless industry is dominated by fixed costs, so the
The future of the telecommunication industry is an exciting future. No longer can these companies depend on telephone service plans to maintain profit. Each company needs to find other avenues, packages and services that can be sold to existing customers while attracting new customers. The companies
3. The new system allows charging additional services required by the clients, generating more revenue. 4. Knowing which are the cost drivers , it will be possible to control costs more effectively (reducing fixed costs and increasing net margin) 5. Market analysis with direct competitor in the region suggests that studio prices are at least 21% lower and one bedroom suite prices are at least 40% lower than the competition in the new pricing model. Comparison with the general market suggests similar findings. MAIN REPORT
The Australian competition and consumer commission commenced an inquiry looking into Telstra’s rural monopoly in September 2016(4). They concluded that giving service providers roaming capabilities off the Telstra network may have an adverse effect on price levels and there was no evidence that there would be a decrease in Telstra’s pricing through more competition. Currently rural and regional customers benefit from the high competition in metropolitan areas because the industry has consistent Australia wide pricing schedules for their consumer services (5).
Perhaps one of the most difficult managerial decisions in the 21st century is the decision to make a decision. Analysis paralysis, endless meetings, and corporate structure have made it painstakingly difficult to come to any real conclusions. So when the Chief Financial Officer, Bruce Berman, of Bloomindale’s was tasked with decision to implement ProfitLogic’s Pricing Optimization (PO) system, he called upon Daniel Gabbay, an analyst in the finance division, to make sense of the numbers and guide his decision making process. Berman was considering implementing a PO system to quantify the markdown
there are a number of different buyers and sellers in the marketplace. This means that we have competition in the market, which allows price to change in response to changes in supply and demand. Furthermore, for almost every product there are substitutes, so if one product becomes too expensive, a buyer can choose a cheaper substitute instead. In a market with many buyers and sellers, both the consumer and the supplier have equal ability to influence price.
If the business is a monopolist, then it has price-setting power. At the other extreme, if a firm
For price discrimination to exist we need to sell the same products or services to different consumers which would not be possible without fulfilling specific conditions. This is mainly due to the fact that individuals are ration and therefore won’t be willing to spend more on a product than another consumer. For price discrimination to take place three important conditions need to be considered these include; incomplete competition, price flexibility, and arbitrage (simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset to profit from a difference in the price). For a company to operate within a market and be successful with price discrimination, the company must do this through a certain degree of market power. Therefore, the market demand curve should be at a negative slope this therefore creates market power to create price discrimination. Market power is a necessary
In the free market, prices function as signals to both consumers and producers of how much of a product or service must be demanded or supplied respectively. A binding price ceiling occurs when the government sets a required price on a good or goods at a price below
The goal here is to keep the prices down, keep the people buying and keep the materials flowing. A key strategy business use to keep prices down is to externalize costs. That means that the price tags on consumer products don’t capture the true costs of producing and distributing all these stuff.
Today’s highly competitive business world forces companies to create different tactics and relatively rely on multiple pricing strategies to conduct business.